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1 

2 

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1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

■■  ^'  IK  mmffty  y'tiiym^i  '■  af  m 


Ohio  Valley  Historical  Series. 


BOUQUET'S 

Expedition    against   the    Ohio    Indians. 


<«'■■'.«».—•• 


■^^^ 


IT':^.'-,,^,^-,, 


r-f 


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mmm 


HISTORICAL   ACCOUNT 


OF 


Bouquet's  Expedition 


Against  the  Ohio  Indians, 


IN    17  64. 


WITH  PREFACE  BY  FRANCIS  PARKMAN, 

Author  of  "Conspiracy  of  Pontiac"  etc. 

AND 

A  TRANSLATION  OF  DUMAS' 

BIOGRAPHICAL  SKETCH  OF  GENERAL  BOUaUET. 


CINCINNATI,  O. 

ROBERT   CLARKE  &   CO. 

1868. 


"■■« 


>?>■'" 


-fM  ^ 


S66 


OHIO  VALLEY  PRESS, 

BOSEBT  OLABKB  A  CO. 

CINCINNATI,  O. 


1^ 


m^m^HKHim 


PUBLISHERS'  A'OTICF. 


IN  offering  to  our  patrons  the  Account  of  General  Bou- 
quet's  Expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians  in  1764,  as 
the  first  of  the  reprints  of  the  Ohio  Valley  Historical 
Series,  we  may  premise  that  we  have  been  urged  thereto 
by  the  rarity  of  the  volume  and  its  intrinsic  value  as  an 
authentic  and  reliable  narrative  of  one  of  the  earliest 
British  military  expeditions  into  the  Territory  North- JVest 
of  the  Ohio  River. 

This  work  was  published  at  Philadelphia  in  1765, 
reprinted  at  London  the  following  year ;  and  an  edition  in 
French,  by  C.  G.  F.  Dumas,  was  issued  ai  Amsterdam  in 
1769. 

Mr.  Francis  Parkman  has  kindly  furnished  us  with 
a  few  prefatory  words.  The  proper  introduction,  how- 
ever. 


VI 


Publishers'  Notice. 


however,  to  this  work,  and  indeed  to  all  the  fragmentary 
accounts  of  the  later  struggles  of  the  white  and  Indian 
races  in  the  Central  West,  is  his  "  History  of  the  Con- 
spiracy of  Pontiac,"  of  which  this  expedition  was  one  of 
the  results.  We  can  not  too  earnestly  recommend  its 
perusal  to  our  readers.  His  wonderfully  clear  and  exact 
knowledge  of  Indian  character,  and  its  faithful  portrayal 
in  his  introductory  chapters,  together  with  his  minute 
accounts  of  their  tribal  divisions,  their  internal  differences, 
their  modes  of  warfare,  the  nature  of  their  governments, 
and  his  general  review  of  the  "  situation,"  can  not  fail  to 
be  of  great  service  in  attaining  an  intelligent  understanding 
of  the  story  of  the  Indian  wars  in  the  West,  and  the  trials 
and  hardships  of  the  sturdy  pioneers,  whose  bloody  strug- 
gles and  anxious  labors  laid  the  foundation  of  the  present 
prosperity  of  this  region. 

Mr.  Parkman  has  also  translated  for  us  M.  Dumas' 
biographical  sketch  of  General  Bouquet  prefixed  to  the 
French  edition.  We  regret  that  we  are,  at  present, 
unable  to  give  a  more  detailed  history  of  his  transactions 
in  this  country,  the  most  active  and  interesting  period  of 
his  life,  concerning  which  M.  Dumas'  sketch  is  very 
meagre,  passing  over  in  silence  his  important  services  as 
one  of  the  commanders  of  the  Royal  American  Corpsy  his 
connection  with   the  former  expedition  against  Fort  Du- 

quesne^ 


*  For  particulars  of  this  controversy,  see  Craig's  "  Olden  Time,"  Vol.  I, 
published  at  I'ittsburgh  in  1846,  and  Sparks'  "Life  and  Writings  of  Wash- 
ington," Vol.  II. 


J 


Publishers'  Notice. 


VM 


Du^uesne^  in  lys^t  under  General  Forbes,  and  his  cel- 
ebrated controversy  with  General — then  Colonel — Wash- 
ington as  to  the  route  which  that  expedition  should  take 
from  Car/islf  to  Fort  Duqutsne.*  The  one  urgently  advo- 
cated by  General  Bouquet,  through  Raystown^  now 
Bedford^  and  Loyal  Hanna^  was  adopted,  and  the  marked 
advantage  of  this  road  in  subsequent  military  operations, 
and  in  encouraging  the  settlement  of  fVtstern  Pennsylvania^ 
evinced  his  practical  wisdom  and  forethought. 

We  would  call  the  attention  of  our  readers  to  the  suc- 
cessful manner  in  which,  by  the  *'  Osborne  Process  "  the 
American  Photo-Lithographic  Company  have  reproduced 
the  map,  plans,  and  the  two  plates  by  Benjamin  West, 
\n  facsimile  of  the  originals. 

For  facility  of  reference,  an  index  has  been  added. 


/ 


<*J'*S  B,l, 


.  -.1 » I'lm  TP*  '■•*  •  ■ 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

xi 

xvii 


Prefatory,     By  Francis  Parkman     .     . 
Biographical  Sketch  of  Henry  Bouquet    . 

Ti*-    iu^ion 3 

Hijiorical  Account  of  the  Expedition       .              •  ^9 

Reflexions  c^  the  JVar  with  the  Savages  of  N.  A.  93 
Appendix  I — ConftruEiion  of  Forts  .       .       .       -137 

Appendix  II — French  Forts  ceded  to  Great  Britain  .  141 
Appendix  III — Route  from  Philadelphia  to  Fort 

Pitt 148 

Appendix  IV — Indian  'Towns  on  the  Ohio  River    .  149 

Appendix  V — Indicn  Nations  of  North  America    .  1 53 


M 


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iiuiititi#-\  - 


**ir 


PREFATORY. 


THE  peace  of  1763  was  the  beginning  of  a  new 
epoch  in  the  history  of  this  continent.  The 
vast  region  from  the  Allcghanies  to  the  Rocky  Moun- 
tains had  been  explored,  mapped  out,  and,  in  good 
measure,  occupied  by  the  French.  Their  forts,  mis- 
sions, and  trading  posts — the  centers,  in  some  cases,  of 
little  colonies — were  scattered  throughout  the  Valley  of 
the  Mississippi  and  on  the  borders  of  all  the  Great 
Lakes.  They  had  gained  a  controlling  influence  over 
the  Indians,  and  by  the  right  of  discovery  and  of 
colonization  they  regarded  the  country  as  their  own. 
When  Wolfe  and  Amherst  conquered  Canada,  the 
vast  but  frail  fabric  of  French  empire  in  the  West 
crumbled  to  the  dust.  An  industrial  democracy,  not 
a  military  monarchy  married  to  the  hierarchy  of 
Rome,  was  thenceforth  to  assume  the  mighty  task  of 
conquering  this  rich  wilderness  for  civilization. 

To 


-^1 


xu 


Prefatory. 


To  the  Indian  tribes,  its  natural  owners,  the  change 
was  nothing  but  a  disaster.  They  had  held,  in  a  cer- 
tain sense,  the  balance  of  power  between  the  rival 
colonies  of  France  and  England.  Both  had  bid  for 
their  friendship,  and  both  competed  for  the  trade  with 
them.  The  French  had  been  the  more  successful. 
Their  influence  was  predominant  among  all  the  in- 
terior tribes,  while  many  of  the  border  Indians,  old 
allies  of  the  English,  had  of  late  abandoned  them  in 
favor  of  their  rivals.  While  the  French  had  usually 
gained  the  good  will,  often  the  ardent  attachment,  of 
the  tribes  with  whom  they  came  in  contact,  the 
English,  for  the  most  part,  had  inspired  only  jealousy 
and  dislike.  This  dislike  was  soon  changed  to  the 
most  intense  hatred.  Lawless  traders  and  equally 
lawless  speculators  preyed  on  the  Indians;  swarms  of 
squatters  invaded  the  lands  of  the  border  tribes,  and 
crowded    them   from   their   homes. 


No  race  on  earth  has  a  more  intense  and  unyield- 
ing individuality  than  the  Indians.  To  the  weakness 
and  vices  inseparable  from  all  low  degrees  of  human 
development,  he  joins  a  peculiar  reserve  and  pride. 
He  will  not  coalesce  with  superior  races,  and  will  not 
imitate   them.      When  enslaved   he   dies,   kills    himself, 

kills 


W" 


Prefatory. 


Xlll 


kills  his  master,  or  runs  away.  It  has  been  his  lot  to 
be  often  hated,  but  seldom  thoroughly  despised.  His 
race  has  never  received  a  nickname,  and  he  has 
never  served  as  a  subject  of  amusement.  There  is 
some  humor  in  him,  but  he  is  too  grim  a  figure  to 
be  laughed  at.  One  is  almost  constrained  to  admire 
the  inflexible  obstinacy  with  which  he  clings  to  his 
own  personality,  rejects  the  advances  of  civilization, 
and    prefers   to    die   as    he   has    lived. 

Such,  indeed,  is  the  alternative ;  and  it  was  after 
the  peace  of  1763  that  this  inexorable  sentence  of 
civilization  or  destruction  wrs  first  proclaimed  over 
the   continent   in    tones    no   longer   doubtful. 


That  the  Indians  understood  the  crisis  it  would  be 
rash  to  affirm ;  but  they  felt  it  without  fully  under- 
standing it.  The  result  was  the  great  Indian  war 
under  Pontiac.  The  tribes  leagued  together  and  rose 
to  drive  the  English  into  the  sea.  All  the  small  posts 
of  the  interior  were  captured  from  the  '-English,  itnd 
the  frontiers  swept  with  fire.  The  two  great  forts, 
Detroit  and  Fort  Pitt,  alone  withstood  the  assailants, 
and  both  were  reduced  to  extremity,  Pontiac  him- 
self, with  the  tribes  of  the  Lakes,  beleaguered   Detroit, 

while 


XIV 


Prefatory. 


while  tht.  Dt'lawares  and  Shawanees,  with  some  of  the 
Wyandottes,  laid  siege,  in  their  barbarous  way,  to  Fort 
Pitt,  or  Pittsburgh.  Other  bands  of  the  same  tribes 
meanwhile  ravaged  the  frontiers  of  Pennsylvania,  burn- 
ing houses,  murdering  settlers,  laying  waste  whole  dis- 
tricts, and  producing  an  indescribable  distress  and  con- 
sternation. 


This  is  the  point  where  the  ensuing  narrative  begins. 
Happily  for  the  distracted  borders  and  the  distressed 
garrison,  a  gallant  Swiss  officer,  Henry  BoucijJET, 
then  commanded  at  Philadelphia,  and  he  was  ordered 
to  march,  with  what  troops  he  could  collect,  to  the 
relief  of  Fort  Pitt.  A  similar  attempt  had  been  made, 
with  greater  means  and  with  fewer  obstacles,  to  relieve 
Detroit,  and  the  result  had  been  a  deplorable  defeat ; 
but  Bouf^jKr,  an  experienced  officer,  a  man  of  science 
and  a  man  of  sense,  proved  himself  in  every  way 
equal  to  the  emergency.  The  story  of  this  almost 
desperate  attempt  is  given  in  the  introductory  part  of 
the  following  nanative.  The  events  recounted  in  the 
body  of  the  book  belong  to  the  succeeding  year. 
The  Indians  defeated  by  Bouquet  at  Bushy  Run, 
and  foiled  by  Gladwyn  before  Detroit,  had  lost 
heart    and     hope.      General    Bradstreet    led   a   body 

of 


,,,  ■'*;^'^'«- 


.  ■?'^'WW?,''ifS^?^*-' 


Prefatory. 


XV 


of  troops  up  the  lakes  to  force  them  to  a  substantial 
and  permanent  peace  ;  while  Bouquet,  with  a  similar 
object,  marched  into  the  untrodden  wilderness  of  Ohio. 
Bradstreet's  share  of  the  combined  expedition  was 
ill-managed,  and  ^  at  partially  successful  •,  yet,  while 
failing  to  do  his  own  part  thoroughly,  he  took  it 
upon  himself  to  accomplish  that  assigned  to  his 
brother  commander.  Bouquet  rejected  his  interfer- 
ence, disregarded  the  unauthorized  treaties  he  had 
■made,  and  pursued  his  march  with  results  which  the 
narrative  itself  will  show.  I  have  examined  the  orig- 
inal documents  on  which  it  is  based,  and  can  testify 
that  they  have  been  faithfully  followed. 

The  authorship  of  the  "Historical  Account  of  the 
Expedition  against  the  Ohio  Indians,''  has  been  as- 
cribed, by  Rich,  Allibone,  and  others,  to  Fhomas 
Hutchins,  at  that  time  Geographer  of  the  United  States, 
who  supplied  the  map ,  but  the  following  extract  from 
a  letter  of  Dr.  William  Smith,  Provost  of  rhe  College 
of  Philadelphia,  dated  January  13,  1766,  seems  a  suf- 
ficient proof   that    the    credit    belongs   to    him. 


"il/r.  Croghan"  he  writes  to  Sir  William  John- 
son, ^^ set  out  the  day  before  I  expected  he  uould,  else  I 
^■^  proposed  sending  you  a  copy  of  '  Bouquet's  Expedition 
"  to    Aiuskingum^*  which    I  drew  up  from  some  papers    he 

^^  favored 


^i 


XVI 


Prefatory. 


^'favored   me  with,    and  which    is    reprinted  in   England^ 
"  and  has  had  a  very  favorable  reception.'' 

Mr.  A.  R.  SpofFord,  the  intelligent  cusiodian  of  the 
Library  of  Congress,  first  made  this  contemporary  evi- 
dence known,  having  discovered  the  letter  in  the  Force 
collection  of  papers,  lately  acquired  by  that  Library. 


Francis  Parkman. 


Boston, 

August  y  1868. 


i..J/--w'^4.f.tt,-,*^v-i..«.«",  -iiNf^-ffi^rf.^  ,4 


pm 


■■*.,    ■  •    ^  'fc... 


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BIOGRAPHICAL   SKETCH 


OF 


HENRY  BOUQUET. 

TRANSLATED   FROM   THE   FRENCH    EDITION  OF   THIS  WORK    PUBLISHED 
AT  AMSTERDAM   IN   176.;  BV  C.  G.  F.   DUMAS. 


TTENRY     BOUQUET    was    a    man   of    a    fine 

A  X  person,  a  superior  understanding,  and  a  feeling 
heart.  He  made  no  claim  to  the  good  opinion  of 
others,  neither  did  he  solicit  it.  All  were  compelled 
to  esteem  him,  and  hence  there  were  many  of  his 
profession  who  thought  they  could  dispense  with  loving 
him.  Firmness,  intrepidity,  calmness,  presence  of  mind 
in  the  greatest  dangers,  virtues  so  essential  in  a  com- 
mander, were  natural  to  him.  His  presence  inspired 
confidence  and  impressed  respect,  encouraged  his 
friends   and    confounded    his    foes. 

He 


xvin 


Biographical  Sketch  of 


He  was  born  at  Rolle,*  in  the  canton  of  Berne,  in 
Switzerland.  In  1736,  being  then  seventeen  years  old, 
he  was  received  as  a  cadet  in  the  Regiment  of  Con- 
stant, in  the  service  of  LL.  HH.  ??.,i  and  in  1738 
he  obtained  the  commission  of  ensign  in  the  same  regi- 
ment. Thence  he  passed  into  that  of  Roguin,  in  the 
service  of  the  King  of  Sardinia,  and  distinguished 
himself  first  as  first  lieutenant,  and  afterward  as  adju- 
tant, in  the  memorable  and  ably-conducted  campaigns 
of  the  wars  which  that  great  prince  sustained  against 
the  combined  forces  of  France  and  Spain.  At  the 
battle  of  Cony,  being  ordered  to  occupy  a  piece  of 
ground  at  the  brink  of  a  precipice,  he  led  his  men 
thither  in  such  a  way  that  not  one  of  them  saw  that 
they  were  within  two  steps  of  destruction  should  the 
enemy  force  the  position.  Meanwhile,  calmly  watch- 
ing the  movements  of  both  armies,  he  made  his 
soldiers  observe,  in  order  to  distract  their  attention, 
that  these  movements  could  be  seen  much  better  by 
the  light  of  the  moon  than  in   broad  daylight. 


*  Rolle  is  a  small  town  in  the  canton  of  Vaud.  Together  with  the 
greater  part  of  the  Vaudois  territory,  it  was  formerly  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Berne,  and  regarded  as  a  part  of  that  canton.  It  'is  on  the 
northern    borders   of  the    Lake    of  Geneva. — F.    P. 


k 


f  Lturt  Hautet  Puistanct$ — /.  *.,  The  States  General  of  Holland. — F.   P. 

The 


■kJSSil" 


Henry  Bouquet. 


XIX 


The  accounts,  no  less  exact  than  interesting,  which 
he  sent  to  Holland  of  the  operations  of  these  cam- 
paigns, came  to  the  knowledge  of  His  Serene  High- 
ness, the  late  Prince  of  Orange,  and  induced  him 
to  engage  this  officer  in  the  service  of  the  Republic. 
In  consequence,  Mr.  Bouquet  entered  as  captain 
commandant,  with  the  rank  of  lieutenant  colonel,  into 
the  regiment  of  Swiss  Guards,  newly  formed  at  the 
Hague,  in  1748,  and  was  immediately  chosen  to  go, 
jointly  with  Generals  Burmannia  and  Cornabk,  to 
receive  from  the  French  the  places  in  the  Low 
Countries  which  they  were  about  to  evacuate,  and  to 
arrange  the  return  of  the  prisoners  of  war  which 
France  gave  up  to  the  Republic  in  conformity  with 
the  Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle.  A  few  months  after, 
Lord  Middleton  invited  him  to  accompany  him  in 
his    travels    in    France    and    Italy. 

On  his  return  to  the  Hague,  he  devoted  every 
moment  which  his  regimental  duties  allowed  to  the 
careful  study  of  the  military  art,  and  above  all  of 
mathematics,  which  are  the  foundation  of  it.  The 
intimate  relations  which  he  formed  with  Professors 
Hemsterhuis,  IConig,  and  Allamand,  and  with  sev- 
eral   other    learned    men   in    every    branch    of    science, 

greatly 


XX 


Biographical  Sketch  of 


greatly  facilitated  his  acquisition  of  the  thorough  knowl- 
edge which  afterward  gave  him  a  yet  higher  distinc- 
tion, and  caused  him  to  appear  with  such  advantage 
in  the  vast  theater  of  the  war  kindled  between  France 
and  England  in    1754.* 


As  this  war  ob'iged  England  to  send  troops  to 
America,  it  was  proposed  to  raise  a  corps,  under  the 
name  of  Royal  Americans,  formed  of  three  bat- 
talions under  one  commander,  the  officers  of  which 
were  to  be  indifferently  either  Americans  or  foreign- 
ers, but  in  all  cases  men  of  capacity  and  experience. f 
This  plan,  favored  by  the  Duke  of  Cumberland, 
was  carried  into  execution,  though  altered  and  muti- 
lated   by    an    opposing    faction.        Mr.     Bouquet    and 

*  Bou(iyKT  always  retained  his  fondness  for  the  society  of  men  of  sci- 
ence. When  in  command  at  Philadelphia,  he  formed  an  intimacy  with 
the   botanist    Bertram. — F.    P. 

f  The  "  Royal  American  Regiment "  was  to  consist  of  four  battalions 
of  one  thousand  men  each,  the  ranks  to  be  filled  in  great  measure  from 
the  German  and  other  continental  settlers  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland. 
Fifty  of  the  officers  might  be  foreign  Protestants,  but  the  colonel  must 
be  a  natural-born  subject.  See  "  Act  to  enable  His  Majesty  to  grant  com- 
missions to  a  certain    number  of  foreign    Protestants,"   29   George   II.,  c.   V. 

The  first  colonel  was  John,  Earl  of  Loudoun,  but  Colonels  J.  Stanwix, 
JosiFH  DussAuv,  C.  JifrERiYs,  and  James  Provost,  commanded  the  four 
battalions  respectively.  See  "Army  List."  The  Royal  American  Regi- 
ment  is    now  the   Sixtieth    Rifles. — F.    P. 

his 


!    •<)l 


Henry  Bouquet, 


XXI 


1   « 


his  intimate  friend,  Mr.  Haldimand,  were  the  first 
to  whom  those  charged  with  it  turned  their  eyes,  and 
they  were  urged  to  serve  in  this  brigade  as  lieutenant 
colonels.  Both  had  already  reached  that  rank  at  :he 
Hague,  and  by  a  singular  freak  of  fortune,  the  officer 
who  was  to  command  them  in  America  was  their  in- 
I  ferior  in  Europe.  This  made  them  hesitate  for  some 
time.  Nevertheless,  at  the  urgent  persuasion  of  Sir 
Joseph  Yorke,  and  upon  a  promise  being  made  them 
that  they  should  be  placed  immediately,  as  colonels 
commandant,  on  a  footing  of  equality  with  the  colonel- 
in-chief  of  the  brigade,  they  were  induced  to  accept 
the  commissions  offered  them.  As  soon  as  their  reso- 
lution was  taken,  thev  were  charged  to  attract  into  the 
corps  a  sufficient  number  of  good  officers,  both  for 
the  engineer  and  the  artillery  service.  There  was  no 
reason  to  regret  that  this  matter  was  entrusted  to  them. 
Most  of  these  officers  were  drawn  from  the  armies  of 
the  Republic,  and  they  have  answered  the  expecta- 
tions of  those  who  chose  them  in  a  manner  which  has 
done   honor   to    both. 


his 


I  have  not  entered  into  a  detailed  account  of  the 
plan  which  called  into  existence  the  brigade  of  which 
I    have  just    spoken,   for   this   would   have    led    me   too 

far. 


sSiMft,^,. 


rtAiJt^U*   ill  tMliwjii  n   I  ■*■  .^ifc— «ii 


xxii 


Biographical  Sketch  of 


far.  I  shall  content  myself  with  saying,  that  its  origin, 
and  the  favor  with  which  it  was  received,  were  due  to 
pure  accident  ;  but  that  its  happy  executi<jn  is  solely  to 
be  ascribed  to  the  discernment  of  Sir  Joseph  Yorke, 
and  to  his  zeal  for  his  country.  It  is  chiefly,  then, 
to  him,  that  the  British  Empire  owes  the  distin- 
guished services  which  these  brave  officers  have  ren- 
dered   it.* 


To  return  to  Mr.  Bou(^»f.t  :  On  his  arrival  in 
America,  his  integrity,  as  well  as  his  g-^eat  capacity, 
soon  acquired  for  him  a  great  credit  in  the  Colonies, 
especially  in  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia.  Respected  by 
the  soldiers,  in  credit  with  all  who  had  a  share  in  the 
internal  government  of  these  provinces,  universally 
esteemed  and  loved,  he  had  but  to  ask,  and  he  ob- 
tained ill  that  it  was  possible  to  grant,  because  it  was 
believed  that  he  asked  nothing  but  what  was  necessary 
and  proper,  and  that  all  would  be  faithfully  employed 
for  the  services  of  the  king  and  t*>e  provinces.  This 
good     understanding     between     the    civil    and     military 


'"'  Major  General  Sm  Josefh  Yorke  was  appointed  Brirish  Plenipoten- 
tiary to  the  States  General  in  1751.  He  had  been  aid -de-camp  to 
the  Duke  or  Cumberland  at  the  battle  of  Fontenuy.  In  1788  he  was 
raised  tu  the  peerage  as  Baron  Dover.  He  died  without  issue  in 
1791- F.    P. 

authorities 


Henry  Bouc/ui't. 


XXllI 


authorities    contributed     to    his    success    quite    t  .    niuch 
as    his    ability. 

Immediatelv   after   the   conclu  ion    o{    peace    with   the 
Indians,  the  king  made  him   brigadier   general   and   com- 
mandant  of  his  troops   in   all   the   Southern   C\tlonics  of 
British   America.     He   died   at    Pensacola  *   lamented    by 
his    friends  and    universally   regretted.      I    wish    that    the 
Coloni  s,    which     I     sincerely    love,    may     have    a    long 
succession  of  such   defenders.     The  young  officers  who 
read   this,   will   permit   me   to   propose    him  as    a    model 
for  their  imitation,  and  an  example  well   fitted  to  excite 
in  them  a   noble  emulation.      It   is    to  his   honor   that    I 
have  undertaken  this  translation,  and   it   is  to  his  mem- 
ory that    I    dedicate    it. 


[*His  death  must  Juve  occurred  in  the  autumn  of  1765,  not  long  tfttr 
his  return  trom  thit  "  Expedition  against  the  Obic  Indiam,'  for,  in  the 
Gintliman'i  Ma:  aaine  (London)  for  January,  1766,  we  find  the  following 
among  tiie  pron  <tions  in  the  British  army.  "  ^ug.  Provott,  £sy.,  Lieut.  Col. 
of  the  6c)th  Reg.,  in  room  of  H.  Boutiui'i,  dec."] 


■;*>i<JmKwm,^M-^ 


■/><  •• 


aS|||B(g|»|B^«S(i;:W»awi»s^ 


^ii^mH^fmmimm 


■tiittttllWlilbwteWUt  . 


-; 


IWn 


IFSS 


Scalr  of  Miles. 


,<■ 


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770P»  r'T, AP.KI  t  CO.  TuMishers ,  CINCINNATI 


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J' 


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of  the  COUNTRY  on  tlie  ^ 
Oliio  KrMnfkiinJimi  Rivers 
Kfhemin^  theSfUuttton 
oftJke  IIOJIAJVTOW^A' iPt'tft 

o/'  C'olr>nelB  o«ji|i.«t 
ThofHutcAm^^f/.r.^M<f  inert', 


MARYXAmJ 


V  I  R   G  I  X  I  -A. 


■^^^Jl^^^^^^^^^fes.. 


A. 


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L>«le 


A  Survey 

Colo  ,.tt-i.,  B  oiitatiftt 

ASiAant  EafioMr. 


Tffjtr.:  ««£: 


Scale  or  Miles. 


,< 


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Am.Photo-Litho^raphic  Cki.  N.Y  !  Osborns's  fVoce.is; 


ti*n.wMi.;'J-'JlWlfc|ilc 


WB^ 


1 


■)<^    tt/ 


•mmm^ 


AN    HISTORICAL    ACCOUNT 

OF    THE    EXPEDITION 

AGAINST    THE    OHIO    INDIANS, 

IN  THE   YEAR  MDCCLXIV. 

UNDER    THE    COMMAND    OF 

HENRY    BOUQUET,    ESQ. 

COLONEL     OF     FOOT,    AND     NOW     BRIGADIER     GENERAL     IN     AMERICA. 

Including  his  Tranfaftions  with  the  INDIANS, 

Relative  to  the   DELIVERY   of  their   PRISONERS, 

And  the  PRELIMINARIES  of  PEACE. 

With  an  introductory  account  of  the  Preceding  CAMPAIGN, 

And  BATTLE  at  BUSHY-RUN. 

To  which  are  annexed 

MILITARY     PAPERS, 

CONTAINING 

Refleftions  on  the  War  with  the  Savages;  a  Method  of  forming 
Frontier  Settlements  ;  fome  Account  of  the  INDIAN  Country  ; 
with  a  Lift  of  Nations,  Fighting  Men,  Towns,  Diftances,  and 

different  Routs. 

The  whole  illuftrated  with  a  MAP  and  COPPER-PLATES. 


Publilhed,  from  authentic  Documents,  by  a  Lover  of  his  Country. 


PHILADELPHIA.  PRINTED: 

LONDON,  Re-printed  for  T.  JEFFERIES,  Geographer  to  his 

MAJESTY,  at  Charing  Crofs.     MDCCLXVI. 


T 


"*»■  ^wra/VSTTa-*^-**  ' 


■T^'J!?f *f*W'Ww^^'M*7l«^V''!T?f''V«i.  mf-HF"^ 


„^.    .J,.  ^««.»l>.^ 


INTRODUCTION. 


THE  general  peace,  concluded  between  Great- 
Britain,  France  and  Spain,  in  the  year  1762, 
although  viewed  in  different  lights  by  perlbns 
varioufly  afFeded  in  the  mother  country,  was  nev- 
erthelefs  univerfally  confidered  as  a  moft  happy 
event  in  America. 


To  behold  the  French,  who  had  fo  long  infti- 
gated  and  fupported  the  Indians,  in  the  moft  de- 
ftrudive  wars  and  cruel  depredations  on  our  fron- 
tier fettlements,  at  laft  compelled  to  cede  all  Canada, 
and  reftrided  to  the  weftern  fide  of  Miffifippi, 
was  what  we  had  lotig  wifhed,  but  fcarcely  hoped 
an  accomplifhmeiit  of  in  our  own  days.  The  pre- 
cifion  with  which  our  boundaries  were  expreffed, 
admitted  of  no  ground  for  future  difputes,  and 
was  matter  of  exultation  to  every  one  who  under- 
ftood  and  regarded  the  intereft  of  thefe  colonies. 
We   had    now   the   pleafing    profped  of  "entire* 

*  The  leveral  quotations  in  this  introdudlion  are  taken  from 
the  Annual  Regiiler,  1763,  which  is  written  with  great  elegance 
and  truth,  fo  far  as  the  author  appears  to  have  been  furniflied 
with  materials. 

"  fecurity 


4  Introdu^ion. 

"fecurity  tVom  all  moleftation  of  the  Indians,  (ince 
"  French  intrigues  could  no  longer  be  employed 
■'to  feduce,  or  French  force  to  fupport  them." 


"  Unhappily,  however,  we  were  difappointed  in 
this  expedation.  Our  danger  arofe  from  that 
very  quarter,  in  which  we  imagined  ourfehes  in 
the  moft  perfecfl  fecurity;  and  juft  at  the  time 
when  we  concluded  the  Indians  to  be  entirely 
awed,  and  almoft  fubjeded  by  our  power,  they 
fuddenly  fell  upon  the  frontiers  of  our  moft  val- 
uable fettlements,  and  upon  all  our  out-lying 
forts,  with  fuch  unanimity  in  the  deAgn,  and 
with  fuch  favage  fury  in  the  attack,  as  we  had 
not  experienced,  even  in  the  hotteft  times  of  any 
former  war." 


Several  reafons  have  been  aftigned  for  this  per- 
fidious condud  on  their  part ;  fuch  as  an  omiifion 
of  the  ufual  prefents,  and  fome  fettlements  made 
on  lands  not  yet  purchafed  from  them.  But  thefe 
caufes,  if  true,  could  only  afFed  a  few  tribes,  and 
never  could  have  formed  fo  general  a  combination 
againft  us.  The  true  reafon  feems  to  have  been  a 
jealoufy  of  our  growing  power,  heightened  by  their 
feeing  the  French  almoft  wholly  driven  out  of  Amer- 
ica, and  a  number  of  forts  now  poflTefled  by  us, 

which 


■,'.^J:)-;j*.4;4;'^">*!.;:.i"£-i0.a-.':i..'i:.i 


lntrodu£iion.  $ 

which  commanded  the  great  lakes  and  rivers  com- 
municating with  them,  and  awed  the  whole  Indian 
country.  They  probably  imagined  that  they  be- 
held *'  in  every  little  garrifon  the  germ  of  a  future 
"colony,"  and  thought  it  .  xcumbent  on  them  to 
make  one  general  and  timely  effort  to  crufh  our 
power  in  the  birth. 

By  the  papers  in  the  Appendix,  a  general  idea 
may  be  formed  of  the  ftrength  of  the  different 
Indian  nations  furrounding  our  fettlements,  and 
their  fituation  with  refped  to  each  other. 

The  Shawanefe,  Delawares  and  other  Ohio  tribes, 
took  the  lead  in  this  war,  and  feem  to  have  begun 
it  rather  too  precipitately,  before  the  other  tribes 
in  confederacy  with  them,  were  ready  for  adion. 

Their  fcheme  appears  to  have  been  projeded 
with  much  deliberate  mifchief  in  the  intention, 
and  more  than  ufual  fkill  in  the  fyftem  of  execu- 
tion. They  were  to  make  one  general  and  fudden 
attack  upon  our  frontier  fettlements  in  the  time 
of  harveft,  to  deftroy  our  men,  corn,  cattle,  &c.  as 
far  as  they  could  penetrate,  and  to  ftarve  our  out- 
pofts,  by  cutting  off  their  fupplies,  and  all  com- 
munication with  the  inhabitants  of  the  Provinces. 

In 


~~_ 


6  Introduffion. 

In  purfuance  of  this  bold  and  bloody  projedl, 
they  fell  fuddenly  upon  our  traders  whom  they 
had  invited  into  their  country,  murdered  many  of 
them,  and  made  one  general  plunder  of  their 
effedls,  to  an  immenfe  value. 

The  frontiers  of  Pennfylvania,  Maryland  and 
Virginia,  were  immediately  over-run  with  fcalping 
parties,  marking  their  way  with  blood  and  devafta- 
tion  wherever  they  came,  and  all  thofe  examples  of 
favage  cruelty,  which  never  fail  to  accompany  an 
Indian  war. 

All  our  out-forts,  even  at  the  remoteft  diftances, 
were  attacked  about  the  fame  time,-  and  the  fol- 
lowing ones  foon  feli  into  the  enemies  hands — viz. 
Le  Boeuf,  Venango,  Prefqu'  Ifle,  on  and  near  lake 
Erie;  La  Bay  upon  lake  Michigan;  St.  Jofeph's, 
upon  the  rive-  of  that  name;  Miamis  upon  the 
Miamis  river  ;  Ouachtanon  upon  the  Ouabache ; 
Sanduiky  upon  lake  Junundat;  and  Michilimack- 
inac. 


Being  but  weakly  garrifoned,  trufting  to  the 
fecurity  of  a  general  peace  fo  lately  eftabliihed, 
unable  to  obtain  the  leaft  intelligence  from  the 
colonies,  or  from  each  other,  and  being  feparately 

perfuaded 


maamrnmmsmgmm^amasamm 


mmmm^ 


Introduction.  "j 

perfuaded  by  their  treacherous  and  favage  aflailants 
that  they  had  carried  every  other  place  before  them, 
it  could  not  be  expec'ted  that  thefe  frnail  pofts  could 
hold  out  long ;  and  the  fate  of  their  garrifons  is 
terrible  to  relate. 

The  news  of  their  furrender,  and  the  continued 
ravages  of  the  enemy,  ftruck  all  America  with  con- 
fternation,  and  depopulated  a  great  part  of  our 
frontiers.  We  now  faw  moft  of  thofe  pofts,  fud- 
denly  wrefted  from  us,  which  had  been  the  great 
objedl  of  the  late  war,  and  one  of  the  principal 
advantages  acquired  by  the  peace.  Only  the  forts 
of  Niagara,  the  Detroit  and  Kort-Pitt,  remained 
in  our  hands,  of  all  that  had  been  purchafed  with 
fo  much  blood  and  treafure.  But  thefe  were  places 
of  confequence,  and  we  hope  it  ever  will  remain  an 
argument  of  their  importance,  and  of  the  attention 
that  n-iould  be  paid  to  their  future  fupport,  that 
they  alone  continued  to  awe  the  whole  power  of 
the  Indians,  and  balanced  the  fate  of  the  war  be- 
tween them  and  us  ! 


These  forts,  being  larger,  were  better  garrifoned 
and  fupplied  to  ftar  I  a  fiege  of  fome  length,  than 
the  places  that  fell.  Niagara  was  not  attacked,  the 
enemy  judging  it  too  ftrong. 

The 


8 


Introiiu^ion. 


The  officers  who  commanded  the  other  two 
deferved  the  highell  honour  for  the  firmnefs  with 
which  they  defended  them,  and  the  hardfhips  they 
fuftained  rather  than  deliver  up  places  ot'  fuch  im- 
portance. 

Major  (jladwin,  in  particuhir,  who  commanded 
at  the  Detroit,  had  to  wiihftand  the  united  and 
vigorous  attacks  of  all  the  nations  living  upon  the 
Lakes. 

The  defign  of  this  publication,  and  the  materials 
in  my  hands,  lead  me  more  immediately  to  fpeak 
of  the  defence  and  relief  of  Fort  Pitt. 


The  Indians  had  early  furrounded  that  place, 
and  cut  off  all  communication  from  it,  even  by 
meffage.  Tho*  they  had  no  cannon,  nor  under- 
ftood  the  methods  of  a  regular  fiege,  yet,  with  in- 
credible boldnefs,  they  polled  rhemfelves  under  the 
banks  of  both  riverst  by  the  walls  of  the  fort,  and 
continued  as  it  were  buried  there,  from  day  to  day, 
with  aftonifhing  patience;  pouring  in  an  inceflant 
ftorm  of  mufquetry  and  fire  arrows  ;  hoping  at 
length,  by  famine,  by  fire,  or  by  harrafTuig  out  the 
garrifon,  to  carry  their  point. 

t  The  Ohio  and  Monongahela,  at  the  jundlion  of  which  Hand* 
Fort  Pitt. 

Captain 


Introciufiion.  9 

Captain  Fauver,  who  commanded  thtre,  tho' 
he  wanted  feveral  neccflaries  for  fuftaining  a  fiege, 
and  the  fortifications  had  been  greatly  damaged  by 
the  floods,  took  all  the  precautions  which  art  and 
judgment  could  fugp^eft  for  the  repair  of  the  place, 
and  repulfing  the  enemy.  His  garrilon,  joined  by 
the  inhabitants,  and  furviving  traders  who  had 
taken  refuge  there,  feconded  his  ertbrts  with  refo- 
lution.  Their  fituation  was  alarming,  being  re- 
mote from  all  immediate  aififtance,  and  having  to 
deal  with  an  enemy  from  whom  they  had  no  mercy 
to  exped. 


General  Amherst,  the  commander  in  chief, 
not  being  able  to  provide  in  time  for  the  fafety  of 
the  remote  ports,  bent  his  chief  attention  to  the 
relief  of  the  Detroit,  Niagara,  and  Fort-Pitt. 
The  communication  with  the  two  former  was 
chiefly  by  water,  from  the  province  of  New- York  ; 
and  it  was  on  that  account  the  more  eafy  to  throw 
fuccours  into  them.  The  detachment  fent  to  the 
Detroit  arrived  there  on  the  '29th  of  July,  176J  ; 
but  Captain  Dalyell,  who  commanded  that  detach- 
ment, and  feventy  of  his  men,  loft  their  lives  in  a 
rencounter  with  the  Indians  near  the  fort.  Pre- 
vious to  this  difafter  he  had  paiTed  thro'  Niagara, 
and  left  a  reinforcement  there. 

Fort 


M, 


lO 


IntroduLfton. 


Fort  Pitt  remained  all  this  while  in  a  nioft 
critical  iituarion.  No  account  could  be  obtained 
from  the  garrifon,  nor  any  relief  fent  to  it,  but  by 
a  long  and  tedious  land  march  of  near  200  miles 
beyond  the  fettlements  ;  and  through  thofe  dan- 
gerous pafles  where  the  fate  of  Braddock  and  others 
ftill  rifes  on  the  imac;ination. 


i 


CoL.  Bouquet  was  appointed  to  march  to  the 
relief  of  this  fort,  with  a  large  quantity  of  military 
ftores  and  proviiions,  efcorted  by  the  fhattered  re- 
mainder of  the  42d  and  77th  regiments,  lately  re- 
turned in  a  difnial  condition  from  the  Well-Indies, 
and  far  from  being  recovered  of  their  fatigues  at 
the  (iege  of  the  Havannah.  General  Amherft, 
having  at  that  time  no  other  troops  to  fpare,  was 
obliged  to  employ  them  in  a  fervice  which  would 
have  required  men  of  the  ftrongeft  conftitution 
and  vigour. 


E,ARLY  orders  had  been  given  to  prepare  a  con- 
voy of  proviiions  on  the  frontiers  of  Fennfyl- 
vatiia,  but  fuch  were  the  univerfal  terror  and  con- 
fternation  of  the  inhabitants,  that  when  Col.  Bou- 
quet arrived  at  Carlifle,  nothing  had  yet  been 
done.  A  great  number  of  the  plantations  had 
been   plundet'^d  and  burnt,  by  the  favages  ;    many 

of 


IntroduSlion. 


II 


of  the  mills  deftroyed,  and  the  /ull-ripe  crops 
flood  waving  in  the  field,  ready  for  the  fickle,  bur 
the  reapers  were  not  to  be  found  1 

The  greateft  part  of  the  county  of  Cumberland, 
thro'  which  the  army  had  to  pafs,  was  deferted, 
and  the  roads  were  covered  with  diftrefTed  families, 
flying  from  their  fettlements,  and  deftitute  of  all 
the  necefTaries  of  life. 

In  the  midft  of  that  general  confufion,  the  fup- 
plies  necefiary  for  the  expedition  became  very  pre- 
carious, nor  was  it  lefs  diiticult  to  procure  horfes 
and  carriages  for  the  ufe  of  the  troops. 

The  commander  found  that,  inftead  of  exped- 
ing  fuch  fupplies  from  a  miferable  people,  he  him- 
felf  was  called  by  tht  voice  of  humanity  to  beftow 
on  them  fome  (bare  of  his  own  provifions  to  relieve 
their  prefent  exigency.  However,  in  i  8  days  after 
his  arrival  at  Carlifie,  by  the  prudent  and  adive 
meafures  which  he  purfued,  joined  to  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  counttA,  and  the  diligence  of  the  per 
fons  he  employed,  the  convoy  and  carriages  were 
procured  with  the  al?iftance  of  the  interior  parts  of 
the  country,  and  the  army  proceeded. 

Their 


iBjBl^.ijg..'.^^.  . 


12 


Introduiiion. 


Their  march  did  not  abate  the  fears  of  the  de- 
jefted  inhabitants.  They  "...new  the  ftrength  and 
ferocity  of  the  enemy.  They  remembered  the 
former  defeats  even  of  our  beft  troops,  and  were 
full  of  diffidence  and  apprehenfions  on  beholding 
the  fmall  number  and  fickly  ftate  of  the  regulars 
employed  in  this  expedition.  Without  *-'~-  leaft 
hopes,  therefore,  of  fuccefs,  they  feemed  ^nly  to 
wait  for  the  fatal  event,  which  they  dreaded, 
to  abandon  all  the  country  beyond  the  Sufque- 
hannah. 

In  fuch  defpondency  of  mind,  it  is  not  urprif- 
ing,  that  tho'  their  whole  was  at  ftalce,  ai  d  de- 
pended intirely  upon  the  fate  of  this  little  army, 
none  of  them  offered  to  affift  in  the  defence  of  the 
country,  by  joining  the  expedition  ;  in  which  they 
would  have  been  of  infinite  fervice,  being  in  gen- 
eral well  acquainted  with  the  woods,  and  excellent 
markfmen. 


It  cannot  be  contefted  that  the  defeat  of  the 
regular  troops  on  this  occafion,  would  have  left 
the  province  of  Pennfylvania  in  particular,  expofed 
to  the  moft  imminent  danger,  from  a  victorious, 
daring,  and  barbarous  enemy;  for  (excepting  the 
frontier  people  of  Cumberland  county)   the  bulk 

of 


amsBomim 


ItttroduSiion. 


»3 


of  its  induftrious  inhabitants  is  compofed  of  mer- 
chants, tradefmen  and  farmers,  unaccuftomed  to 
arms,  and  without  a  militia  law. 

The  legiflature  ordered,  indeed,  700  men  to  be 
raifed  for  the  protedlion  of  the  frontiers  during 
the  harveft ;  but  what  dependence  could  be  placed 
in  raw  troops,  newly  raifed  and  undifciplined  ? 
Under  fo  many  difcouraging  circumftances,  the 
Colonel  (deprived  of  all  affiftance  from  the  prov- 
inces, and  having  none  to  expert  from  the  Gen- 
eral, who  had  fent  him  the  laft  man  that  could  be 
removed  from  the  hofpitals)  had  nothing  elfe  to 
truft  to,  but  about  500  foldiers  of  approved  cour- 
age and  refolution  indeed,  but  infirm,  and  intire 
ftrangers  to  the  woods,  and  to  this  new  kind  of 
war.  A  number  of  them  were  even  fo  weak,  as 
not  to  be  able  to  march,  and  fixty  were  carried  in 
waggons  to  reinforce  the  garrifoiis  of  the  fmall 
ports  on  the  communication. 


Meanwhile  Fort-Ligonier,  fituated  beyond  the 
Allegheny-Mountains,  was  in  the  greateft  danger 
of  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  before  the 
army  could  reach  it.  The  ftockade  being  very 
bad,  and  the  garrifon  extremely  weak,  thev  had  at- 
tacked it  vigoroufly,  but  had  been  repulfed  by  the 

bravery 


W: 


H 


Intruduthon. 


bravery    and   good  condudl  of   Lieutenant    Biane 
who  commanded  there. 

The  prefervation  of  that  poft  was  of  the  utmoft 
confequence,  on  account  of  its  fituation  and  the 
quantity  of  military  llores  it  contained,  which  if 
the  enemy  could  have  got  pofTeiruDn  of,  would  have 
enabled  them  to  continue  their  attack  upon  Fort 
Pitt,  and  reduced  the  army  to  the  greateft  ftreights. 
For  an  objed  of  that  importance,  every  rifk  was 
to  be  run  ;  and  the  Colonel  determined  to  fend 
through  the  woods,  with  proper  guides,  a  party  of 
thirty  men  to  join  that  garrifon.  Fhey  fucceeded 
bv  forced  marches  in  that  hazardous  attempt,  not 
having  been  difcovered  by  the  enemy  till  thev  came 
within  fight  of  the  Fort,  into  which  thev  threw 
themfeivcs,  after  receiving  feme  running  fliot. 


Previous  to  that  reinforcement  of  regulars,  2C 
voluntu-rs,  all  good  woodfmcn.  had  been  lent  to 
I^ort- Ligonier  by  Capt.  Ourry,  who  commanded 
at  b  ort-  Bedford  another  very  confiderable  maga- 
zine o\  provifions,  and  military  ftores,  the  princi- 
pal and  centrical  flage  between  Carlifle  and  Fort 
Pitt,  being  about  loo  miles  dirtance  from  each. 
This  tort  was  alfo  in  a  ruinous  condition,  and 
very  weakly  garrifoned,   although    the   two    finall 

intermediate 


-'^PIP"  ' 


IntroduElion. 


tS 


intermediate  pofts,  at  the  crofTings  of  the  Juniata 
and  of  Stony  Creek,  had  been  abandoned  to 
ftrengthen  it. 

Here  the  diftrefled  families,  fcattered  for  12  or 
15  miles  round,  fled  for  protedion,  leaving  moft 
of  their  effeds  a  prey  to  the  favages. 


All  the  neceffary  precautions  were  taken  bv  the 
commanding  officer,  to  prevent  furprize,  and  repel 
open  force,  as  alfo  tc  render  ineffedual  the  enemies 
fire  arrows.  He  armed  all  the  fighting  men,  who 
formed  two  companies  of  voluntiers,  and  did  duty 
with  the  garrifon  till  the  arrival  of  two  companies 
of  light  infantry,  detached  as  foon  as  poffible  from 
Colonel  Bouquet's  little  army. 

These  two  magazines  being  fecured,  the  Colonel 
advanced  to  the  remoteft  verge  of  our  fettlements, 
where  he  .could  receive  no  fort  of  intelligence  of 
:he  number,  pofition,  or  motions  of  the  enemy. 
Not  even  at  Fort-Bedford,  where  he  arrived  with 
his  whole  convoy  on  the  25th  of  July,  for  tho'  the 
Indians  did  not  attempt  to  attack  the  fort,  they 
had  by  this  time  killed,  fcalped,  and  taken  eighteen 
perfons  in  that  neighborhood,  and  their  fculking 
parties  were  fo  fpread,  that  at  laft  no  exprefs  could 

efcape 


lb 


Introduction. 


efcape  them.  "  This"  (want  of  intelligence)  "  is 
'*  often  a  very  embarralTing  circumftance  in  the  con- 
*'  dud  of  a  campaign  in  America.  The  Indians 
'*  had  better  intelligence,  and  no  fooner  were  thev 
"  informed  of  the  march  of  our  Army,  than  they 
"  broke  up  the  fiege  of  Fort-Pitt,  and  took  the 
**  rout  by  which  they  knew  we  were  to  proceed, 
"  refolved  to  take  the  firft  advantageous  oppor- 
"  tunity  of  an  attack  on  the  march." 

In  this  uncertainty  of  intelligence  under  which 
the  Colonel  laboured,  he  marched  from  Fort  Bed- 
ford the  28th  of  July,  and  as  foon  as  he  reached 
Fort-Ligonier,  he  determined  very  prudently  to 
leave  his  waggons  at  that  poft,  and  to  proceed  only 
with  the  pack  horfes.  Thus  difburdened,  the  army 
continued  their  rout.  Before  them  lay  a  dangerous 
defile  at  Turtle  Creek,  feveral  miles  in  length, 
commanded  the  whole  way  by  high  and  craggy 
hills.  This  defile  he  intended  to  have  pafTed  the 
enfuing  night,  by  a  double  or  forced  march;  there- 
by, if  poflible,  to  elude  the  vigilance  of  fo  elert  an 
enemy,  propofing  only  to  make  a  (hort  halt  in  his 
way,  to  refrefti  the  Troops,  at  Bu(hy-Run. 


When  they  came  within  half  a  mile  of  that  place, 
about  one  in   the  afternoon,   (Auguft  5th,   1763) 

after 


Introdu^ton. 


17 


after  an  harrafling  march  of  feventeen  miles,  and 
juft  as  they  were  expeding  to  relax  from  their  fa- 
tigue, they  were  fuddenly  attacked  by  the  Indians, 
on  their  advanced  guard ;  which  being  fpeedily  and 
firmly  fupported,  the  enemy  was  beat  off,  and  even 
purfued  to  a  confiderable  diftance. 


*f  But  the  flight  of  thefe  barbarians  muft  often 
be  confidered  as  a  part  of  the  engagement,  (if  we 
may  ufe  the  expreffion)  rather  than  a  derelidion 
of  the  field.  The  moment  the  purfuit  ended, 
they  returned  with  renewed  vigour  to  the  attack. 
Several  other  parties,  who  had  been  in  ambufh  in 
fome  high  grounds  which  lay  along  the  flanks  of 
the  army,  now  ftarted  up  at  once,  and  falling  with 
a  refolution  equal  to  that  of  their  companions, 
galled  our  troops  with  a  moft  obftinate  fire. 


'  It  was  neceflary  to  make  a  general  charge  with 

*  the  whole  line  to  diflodge  them  from  thefe  heights. 

*  This  charge  fucceeded ;   but  ftill  the  fuccefs  pro- 
'  duced  no  decifive  advantage ;   for  as  foon  as  the 

I  The  above  quotation  is  from  the  writer  already  mentioned, 
and  feems  lb  accurately  and  elegantly  drawn  up,  from  the  account 
of  this  engagement,  fent  to  his  Majelly's  minifters,  that  nothing 
better  can  be  inferted  in  its  room.  There  are  but  one  or  two 
fmall  midakes  in  it,  which  are  here  correfted. 

*  favages 


i8 


Introdu5fion. 


'  favages  were  driven  from  one  poft,  they  ftill  ap- 
'  peared  on  another,  till  by  conftant  reinforcements 
'  they  were  at  length  able  to  furround  the  whole 
'  detachment,  and  attack  the  convoy  which  had 
'  been  left  in  the  rear. 


'This  manoeuvre  obliged  the  main  body  to 
fall  back  in  order  to  protedl  it.  The  adlion, 
which  grew  every  moment  hotter  and  hotter, 
now  became  general.  Our  troops  were  attacked 
on  every  fide ;  the  favages  fupported  their  fpirit 
throughout ;  but  the  fteady  behaviour  of  the 
Englifh  troops,  who  were  not  thrown  in  the  leaft 
confufion  by  the  very  difcouraging  nature  of  this 
fervice,  in  the  end  prevailed ;  they  repulfed  the 
enemy,  and  drove  them  from  all  their  pofts  with 
fixed  bayonets. 


'  The  engagement  ended  only  with  the  day, 
'  having  continued  from  one  without  any  inter- 
'  miflion. 


'  The  ground,  on  which  the  adion  ended,  was 
'not  altogether  inconvenient  for  an  encampment. 
'  The  convoy  and  the  wounded  were  in  the  middle, 
'  and  the  troops,  difpofed  in  a  circle,  incompafled 
*  the   whole.      In    this    manner,    and    with    little 

'  repofe, 


iHni«ll«>tl)iiil>'itfirillOllii>iiJnimjMii'Mi 


IntroduSlion. 


19 


'repofe,  they  pafled  an  anxious  night,  obliged  to 
*the  ftridleft  vigilance  by  an  enterprizing  enemy 
*  who  had  furrounded  them. 


*  Those  who  have  only  experienced  the  feverities 
and  dangers  of  a  campaign  in  Europe,  can  fcarcelv 
form  an  idea  of  what  is  to  be  done  and  endured 
in  an  American  war.  To  ad  in  a  country  cul- 
tivated and  inhabited,  where  roads  are  made, 
magazines  are  eftablillied,  and  hofpitals  provided; 
where  there  are  good  towns  to  retreat  to  in  cafe  of 
misfortune;  or,  at  the  worft,  a  generous  enemv 
to  yield  to,  from  whom  no  confolation,  but  the 
honour  of  vidory,  can  be  wanting;  this  may  be 
conlidered  as  the  exercife  of  a  fpirited  and  adven- 
turous mind,  rather  than  a  rigid  conteft  where  all 
is  at  ftake,  and  mutual  deftrudion  the  objed: 
and  as  a  contention  between  rivals  for  glory, 
rather  than  a  real  ftruggle  between  fanguinary 
enemies.  But  in  an  American  campaign  every 
thing  is  terrible;  the  face  of  the  country,  the 
climate,  the  enemy.  There  is  no  refrcfhment  fo  r 
the  healthy,  nor  relief  for  the  ficlc.  I'V  vaft  un- 
hofpitable  defart,  unfafe  and  treacherous,  fur- 
rounds  them,  where  vidories  are  not  decifive,  but 
defeats  are  ruinous;  and  fimple  death  is  the  leaft 
misfortune  which    can    happen    to    them.     This 

'  forms 


20 


Introdu^ion. 


'forms   a  Tervice  truly  critical,  in  which   all    the 

*  firmnefs  of  the  body  and  mind  is  put  to  the  fe- 
'  vereft  trial ;  and  all  the  exertions  of  courage  and 
*addrefs  are  called  out.  If  the  adlions  of  thefe 
'  rude  campaigns  are  of  lefs  dignity,  the  adven- 
'  tures  in  them  are  more  interefting  to  the  heart, 

*  and  more  amufing  to  the  imagination,  than  the 
'  events  of  a  regular  war. 

'But  to  return  to  the  party  of  Englifti,  whom 
'  we  left  in  the  woods.  At  the  firft  dawn  of  light 
'  the  favages  began  to  declare  themfelves,  all  about 
'  the  camp,  at  the  diftance  of  about  500  yards;  and 
'  by  fhouting  and  yelling  in  the  moil  horrid  man- 
'  ner,  quite  round  that  extenfive  circumference,  en- 
'  deavoured    to  ftrike  terror  by  an  oftentation  of 

*  their  numbers,  and  their  ferocity. 


*  After  this  alarming  preparative,  they  attacked 
our  forces,  and,  under  the  favour  of  an  inceflant 
fire,  made  feveral  bold  attempts  to  penetrate  into 
the  camp.  They  were  repulfed  in  every  attempt, 
but  by  no  means  difcouraged  from  new  ones. 
Our  troops,  continually  vidorious,  were  contin- 
ually in  danger.  They  were  befides  extremely 
fatigued  with  a  long  march,  and  with  the  equally 
long  adion,  of  the  preceding  day ;   and  they  were 

•  diftreflTed 


Jntroduthon. 


21 


'  diftreiTed  to  the  laft  degree  by  a  rotal  want  of  vv.iter, 

*  much  more  intolerable  than  the  enemy's  fire. 

'Tied  to  their  convoy,  they  could  not  lofe  light 
'of  it  for  a  moment,  without  expoling,  not  only 
'  that  interefting  objed,  but  their  wounded  men, 
'  to  fall  a  prey  to  the  favages,  who  )>refled  them  on 
'every  fide.  To  move  was  imprac'licable.  Many 
'of  the  horfes  were  loft,  and  many  of  the  drivers, 
'  ftupefied  by  their  fears,  hid  themO'lves  in  the 
'buflies,  and  were  incapable  of  hearing  or  obeying 
^  orders. 

*  Their  fituation  became  extnmely  critical  and 
'perplexing,  having  experienced  ihat  the  moft 
'  lively  efforts  made  no  impreffion  upon  an  enemy, 
'  who  always  gave  way  when  prefled  ;  but  who,  the 
'  moment  the  purfuit  was  over,  returned  with  as 

*  much   alacrity  as    ever    to    the  attack.      Befieged 

*  rather  than  engaged;   attacked  without  interrup- 
'  tion,  and  without  decifion  ;    able  neither  to  ad 

'  vance  nor  to  retreat,  they  (aw  before  them  the 
'  moft  melancholy  profped  of  crumbl'.ig  awav  by 
'  degrees,  and  entirely  perifhing  without  revenge 
'or  honour,  in  the  midft  of  thofe  dreadful  defarts. 
The  fate  of  Braddock  was  every  moment  before 
^  their  eyes  ;    but  they  were  more  ably  conduced. 

'The 


4 


% 


22 


Introdutlion. 


'  The  conunaiulcr  was  fenfible  that  everything 
'  depciiiicd  upon  bringing  the  lavages  to  a  dole 
'  enc^a^ement,  .;;.u  ro  ftand  their  ground  when  ar- 

*  tacked.      Their  audacioufnels,  which  had  incrcal'eil 

*  with    their    luccefs,    Teemed    favourable    to    this 

*  delign.      He  endeavoured,   therefore,    to  increafc 

*  their  confidence  as  much  as  polVible. 


'  For  that  pvirpofe  he  contrived  the  following 
'  ftratatiem.  Our  troops  were  ported  on  an  emi- 
'  nence,   and    formed  a  circle  round    their  convoy 

*  from  the  preceding  night,  which  order  they  llill 
'  retained.  Col.  Bouyur/r  gave  directions,  that 
'  two  companies  of  his  troops,  who  had  been 
'ported  in  the  mort  advanced  fituations,  rtiould 
'fall  within  the  circle;  the  troops  on  the  right 
'and  left  immediately  opened  their  files,  and  filled 

*  up  the  vacant  fpace,  that  they  might  feem  to 
'cover  their  retreat.  Another  company  of  light 
'  infantry,  with  one  of  grenadiers,  were  ordered 
'  "  to  lie  in  ambufcade,"  to  fupport  the  two 
'  firft    companies    of  grenadiers,    who    moved    on 

*  the  feigned  retreat,  and  were  intended  to  begi" 
'  the     real    attack.       The    difpofitions    were   wt 

'  made,  and  the  plan  executed  without  the  lealt 
'  confufion. 

'Thf. 


Introfiuffion. 


23 


'  The  favages  gave  entirely  into  the  fnare.  The 
'  thin  line  of"  troops,  which  took  pofleiVion  of  the 
'  ground  which  the  two  companies  of  light  foot  had 
'  left,  being  brought  in  nearer  to  the  center  of  the 
'circle,  the  barbarians  miftook  thofe  motions  for  a 
'  retreat,  abandoned  the  •.v'oods  which  covered  them, 
'  hurried  headlong  on,  and  advancing  vvith  the  moft 
'daring  intrepidity,  galled  the  Englirti  troops  with 
'their  heavy  fire,  but  at  the  very  moment  when, 
'certain  of  fuccefs,  they  thought  themfelves  mafters 
'of  the  camp,  the  two  firft  companies  made  a  fud- 
'den  turn,  and  fallying  out  from  a  part  of  the  hill, 
'which  could  not  be  obferved,  tell  furioufly  upon 
'  their  right  flank. 

'  The   favages,    though    they    found    themfelves 

*  difappointed  and  expofed,  preferved  their  recol- 
'  ledion,  and  refolutely  retun..,v:  the  fire  which 
'  they  had  received.  Then  it  was  the  fuperiority 
'  of  combined  ftrength  and  difcipline  appeared. 
'  On  the  fecond  charge  they  could  no  longer  fuftain 
'  the  irrefiftible  fbock  of  the  regular  troops,  who 
'  rufhing  upon  them,  killed  many,  and  put  the  reft 

*  to  flight. 

'At  the  inftant  when  the  favages  betook  them- 
■"felves  to  flight,  the  other  two  companies,  which 

'had 


■i^mmmtmiii>»;i 


vitm  •  c>  ■•:«i',ii,ti(*fi;rM'  •/- 


1 


24 


Introdutlion, 


'  had  been  ordered  to  iupport  the  firft,  rofe  *'from 
*  *'  ambufcade,"  marched  to  the  enemy,  and  g?  e 
*them  their  full  fire.  This  accomplifhed  their  de- 
*feat.  The  four  companies  now  united,  did  not 
'give  them  time  to  look  behind  them,  but  purfued 
'the  enemy  till  they  were  totally  difperfed. 

'The  other  bodies  of  the  favages  attempted 
'  nothing.  They  were  kept  in  awe  during  the 
'engagement  by  the  reft  of  the  Britilli  troops,  who 
'were  fo  ported  as  to  be  ready  to  fall  on  them 
'upon  the  leaft  motion.  Having  been  witnefles 
'to  the  defeat  of  their  companions,  without  any 
'effort  to  fupport  or  affift  them,  they  at  length 
'  followed  their  example  and  fled. 


; 


'  This  judicious  and  fuccefsful  manceuvie  refcued 
the  party  from  the  moft  imminent  danger.  The 
vidory  lecured  the  field,  and  cleared  all  the  adja- 
cent woods.  But  ftill  the  march  was  fo  difficult, 
and  the  army  had  fuffer^-d  fo  much,  and  fo  many 
horfes  were  loft,  that  before  they  were  able  to  pro- 
ceed, they  were  reluftantly  obliged  to  deftroy  fuch 
part  of  their  convoy  of  provifions  as  they  could 
not  carry  with  them  for  want  of  horfes.  Being 
lightened  by  this  facrifice,  they  proceeded  to 
Bufny-Ruii,  where  finding  water,  they  encamped,' 

A 


Ki*!alMyMMi:S.i 


Plan 


Delaware^  ,Shawai 


^  .  // 


■//-. 


■■Jt».      ^ 


^•■wv- 


-f^ 


,W-    t..      «t    ft'     . '  ■  .y 


"ROBtGhAhi<i:t.(;o  lYiUlalil 


I 


Plan  of  the  Battle  near B  u  SHY-RUiSr, 

Delawares ,  Shawanefe,  Mingoes  ^V^^aadots ,  Moliikons ,  Miaiuics ,  ScO  ttawas  ; 
( f^^/?w///^TllofHlltchirlS,/Z^>/.//^////rv//^  '  ^^ 


pxi 


[:»r-lJ»i'«A 


^aJ^*^ 


tj^. 


..   »,«-.«. 


J .  JSitetn/ioM-Jfen 


<  -AM 


"ROB!  CLAKKE  t-i.'O.  Pul.lislien  .CINCINNATI 


Am  I'll.  in-Ltt.u^raphicGo  NY  (  Osl.orne's  Process  , 


^ammm^iss^^' 


"  I 


i 


•^mimimm^^ 


Introduction, 


•5 


A  PLAN  of  this  engagement  is  annexed,  and  it 
was  thought  the  more  necefl"ary  here  to  inlerr  a 
particular  account  of  it,  as  the  new  manaaivresf 
and  (kdful  condurt  of  the  commander,  ieem  to 
have  been  the  principal  means,  not  only  ot  pre- 
ferving  his  army  in  the  moft  critical  fituation,  but 
likewife  of  enfuring  them  a  complear  vidlory. 

The  enemy  loft  about  fixty  men  on  this  occa- 
fion,  fome  of  them  their  chief  warriors;  which  they 
reputed  a  very  fevere  ftroke.  They  had  likewile 
many  wounded  in  the  purfuit.  The  Knglifti  loft 
about  fifty  men  and  had  about  fixry  wounded. 

The  favages,  thus  fignally  defeated  m  all  their 
attempts  to  cut  off  this  reinfccement  upon  its 
march,  began  to  retreat  with  rhe  utmoft  precipita- 
tion to  their  remote  fettlements,  wholly  giving  up 
their  deftgns  againft  Fort  Pitt ;  at  which  place 
Col.  Bouquet   arrived   iafe  with   his  convoy,  four 

t  Another  reaf'on  fpr  being  io  particular  in  tliis  account,  is  that 
the  military  papers  anncyed  to  this  work,  and  the  plan  tor  carry- 
ing on  any  future  wai  with  the  Indians,  were  compoled  wyon  the 
experience  of  this  engagement,  by  an  officer  long  emploved  in 
the  iervice  he  defcrii)es.  His  own  improvement  was  hi-  princi 
pal  motive  in  the  compofition  of  them  ;  but  being  told  that  they 
might  convey  many  uleful  hints  to  others,  and  be  of  much  ler- 
vice  it  laid  before  the  public,  he  was  pleafed,  upon  mv  requeft, 
freely  to  communicate  them  to  me   "or  that  purpofe. 

davs 


mmmmam 


26  Introduflion. 

days  after  theadion;  receiving  no  Further  molefta- 
tion  on  the  road,  except  a  few  fcattered  ihot  from 
a  diflieartened  and  flying  enemy. 

Here  the  Colonel  was  obliged  to  put  an  end  to 
the  operations  of  this  campaign,  not  having  a  fuf- 
ficienr  force  to  purfue  the  enemy  beyond  the  Ohio 
and  take  advantage  of  the  vidory  obtained  over 
them  ;  nor  having  any  reafon  to  exped  a  timely 
reinforcement  from  the  provinces  in  their  diftrefled 
fituation.  He  was  therefore  forced  to  content 
him.<elf  with  fupplying  Fort-Pitt,  and  other  places 
on  the  communication,  with  provifions,  ammuni- 
tion, and  {lores;  Rationing  his  fmall  armv  to  the 
beil  advantage  he  could,  againft  the  approach  of 
winter. 

The  tranfaclions  of  the  fucceeding  campaign, 
will  be  the  fubjed  of  the  following  work,  and  we 
fhall  conclude  this  iniroduC'Hon,  by  fliewing  the 
fenfe  which  his  Majeih  was  pleafed  to  entertain, 
of  the  conduA  and  bravery  of  the  officers  and 
army,  o;i  this  trying  occafion. 


I-Iead  Quarters, 


■■ 


•wjsm 


Introduf-hon. 


27 


Ht^D-QuARrfcRs,  New-York,  Jan.  5,  1764. 


ORDERS, 

'•  1__T  IS  Majeftv  htis  been  gracioufly  pleiiled  to 
"  *  -^  fignify  to  the  commander  in  cluef,  his 
"  royal  approbation  of  the  condud  and  bravery  of 
"Col,  Bou<^uET,  and  the  officers  and  troops  under 
*'his  command,  in  tlic  t>Ao  actions  of  the  5th  and 
*'  6th  of  Auguil ;  tn  which,  notwithftanding  the 
**  many  circumftances  of  diffictdty  and  dillreis  they 
"laboured  under,  and  the  unufuai  fpirit  and  refo- 
"  lution  of  the  Indians,  they  repelled  and  defeated 
"  the  repeated  attacks  of  the  Savages,  and  con 
"  duded  their  convov  (x\<:  to  Port- Pit;:. 


Miinec: 


M 


O  N  t:  [*,  K I  i- 


Major  of  Brigade. 


To  Colonel  BotfQUET, 


or  officer  comma 


adins 


ir  F 


ort 


'irt. 


AN 


HISTORICAL  ACCOUNT 


OF 


COLONEL   BOUQUET'S   EXPEDITION 

AGAINST    THE    OHIO    INDIANS    IN    THE    YEAR    1:64. 


TN  the  preceding  introdudion,  feme  account 
-■-  hath  been  given  of  the  fudden,  treacherous 
and  unprovoked  attack,  made  by  the  Indians 
upon  the  frontiers  of  Pennfylvania,  Maryland, 
and  Virginia,  foon  after  the  publication  of  thi 
general  Peace,  at  a  time  when  we  were  but  juft 
beginning  to  refpire  from  our  former  calamities, 
and  locked  for  an  approach  of  quiet  on  every  fide. 
The  principal  tranfadions  of  the  campaign  1763 
have  likewife  been  briefly  recapitulated,  and  the 
reader  informed  by  what  means  the  editor  became 

poflefTed 


mtrni 


3^ 


Hijlorkal  Account  of 


portefTed  of  the  valuable  papers,  which  have  en- 
abled him  to  bring  the  hiftory  of  this  Indian  war 
to  a  conclufion,  and  furnifhed  the  materials  of  the 
following  fheets. 

Colonel  Bouquet,  as  before  mentioned,  not 
having  a  fufficient  number  of  troops  to  garrifon 
the  different  polls,  under  his  command,  and  at  the 
fame  time  to  crofs  the  Ohio  and  take  advantage  of 
the  dejedion  into  which  he  had  thrown  the  enemy, 
by  the  defeat  at  Buihy-Run,was  obliged  to  reftrain 
his  operations  to  the  fupplying  the  forts  with  pro- 
vilions,  ammunition  and  other  neceflfaries. 


In  the  execution  of  this  fervice,  he  received  no 
annoyance  from  the  enemy,  for  they  now  faw  them- 
felves  not  only  forced  to  give  up  their  defigns 
againft  Fort-Pitt  ;  but,  retreating  beyond  the 
Ohio,  they  deferted  their  former  towns,  and  aban- 
doned all  the  country  between  Prefque-Ifle  and 
Sanduflci  ;  not  thinking  themfelves  fafe  till  they 
arrived  at  Mufkingam. 

Here  they  began  to  form  new  fettlements,  and 
remained  quiet  during  the  winter.  But,  in  the 
mean  time,  having  fupplied  themfelves  with  pow- 
der,   &:.    from    the    French    traders,    (and    now 

flattering 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


31 


flattering  themfelves  that  the  great  diftance  of  their 
fettlements  would  render  them  inacceflible  to  our 
troops)  the  enfuing  fpring  1764  prefented  thefe 
ravage  enemies  afrefh  on  our  frontiers  ;  ravaging 
and  murdering  with  their  ufual  barbaritv. 

To  chaftife  them  for  their  perfidy,  General  Gage 
refolved  to  attack  them  on  two  different  fides,  and 
to  force  them  from  our  frontiers  ;  by  carrying  the 
war  into  the  heart  of  their  own  country.  With 
this  view,  he  deftined  a  corps  of  troops  to  proceed 
under  Col.  Bradftreet,  to  a<fl  againft  the  Wiandots, 
Ottawas,  Chipwas  and  other  nations,  living  upon 
or  near  the  lakes  ;  while  another  corps,  under 
the  command  of  Col.  Bouquet,  fhould  attack 
the  Delawares,  Shawanefe,  Mingoes,  Mohickons, 
and  other  nations,  between  the  Ohio  and  the 
lakes. 


These  two  corps  were  to  ad  in  concert  ;  and  as 
that  of  Col.  Bradftreet  could  be  ready  much  fooner 
than  the  other,  he  was  to  proceed  to  Detroit, 
Michilimackinac  and  other  places.  On  his  return 
he  was  to  encamp  and  remain  at  Sandufki,  to  awe, 
by  that  pofition,  the  numerous  tribes  of  weftern 
Indians,  fo  as  to  prevent  their  fending  any  aftift- 
ance  to  the  Ohio  Indians,  while  Colonel   Bouquet 

ftiould 


32 


Uijlorical  Account  of 


fhould  execute  his  plan  of  attacking  them  in   the 
heart  of  their  fettlements. 

Col.  Bouquet's  expedition  was  to  proceed  alto- 
gether by  land,  and  was  on  that  account  attended 
with  great  difficulties.      His  men  were  to  penetrate 
through  a  continued  depth  of  woods,  and  a  favage 
unexplored  country;  without  roads,  without  pofts, 
and    without    a   retreat    if  they    failed   of  fuccefs. 
When    once   engaged    in    thefe    deferts,   thev    had 
no  convoy,   nor  any  kind  of  affiftance  to  exped. 
Every  thing  was  to  be  carried  with   them  —  their 
ammunition,  baggage,  tools,  ftores,  and  provifions 
neceflary  for  the  troops  during  the  whole  expedi- 
tion.     And    befides,    thev    were    liable    to    many 
embarrafments,  and  difficulties  which  no  prudence 
could  forefee,  fcarce  any  caution  prevent;  fo  that, 
in  this  account,  fundry  things,  which,  in  the  ufual 
method  of  conducing  military  operations,  might 
not  be  thought  worthy  of  detail,  may  neverthelefs 
be    found    highly   ferviceable   to    thofe    who   may 
afterwards    be  employed    in   this    fpecies  of  war, 
which  is  new  to  Europeans,  who  muft  fubmit  to 
be  inftrudled   in    it   by   experience,   and   in   many 
articles  even  by  the  favages  themfelves. 

Part   of   the   42d    and    6oth    regiments    were 

ordered 


'JL  =!'.'■.-.  .',Ji^ ,.;.■-_,; 


Colonel  Boui^uet's  Expedition. 


zz 


ordered  on  this  expedition,  and  were  ro  he  joined 
by  rwo  hundred  friendly  Indians,  and  the  troops 
required  of  Virginia  and  I'ennfv  Ivania.  The 
Indians  never  came,  ami  the  Virginians  pleaded 
their  inability  to  raife  men,  having  already  in  pav 
about  700  militia  for  the  defence  of  their  (^wn 
frontier.  In  Pennfylvania,  a  bill  for  raifing  1000 
men  was  pafTed  May  30th;  but,  with  the  utmoft 
diligence  that  could  be  ufed,  the  number  could 
not  be  compleated  till  the  beginning  of  Auguft. 

On  the  (jth  of  that  month,  the  men  being 
afl'embled  at  Carlille,  one  hundred  and  eighteen 
miles  to  the  weftward  of  Philadelphia,  Governor 
Penn,  who  had  accompanied  Col,  Bouquet  to  that 
place,  acquainted  the  two  Pennfylvania  battalions 
with  the  neceffity  we  were  laid  under  of  chaftifing 
the  Indians  "  for  their  repeated  and  unprovoked 
"  barbarities  on  the  inhabitants  of  the  Province  ; 
**a  juft  refentment  of  which,  added  to  a  remem- 
*'  brance  of  the  loyalty  and  courage  of  our  pro- 
"  vincial  troops  on  former  occaltons,  he  did  not 
"  doubt,  would  animate  them  to  do  honour  to 
"  their  country;  and  that  they  could  not  but  hope 
*'  to  be  crowned  with  fuccefs,  as  they  vvere  to  be 
*'  united  with  the  fame  regular  troops,  and  under  the 

"  fame 


iiilllillM 


34 


liitiorical  Account  of 


"  fame  able  commandfr,  who  had  by  themselves, 
"  on  that  very  day,  the  memorable  5th  of  Au^uft 
"  in  the  preceding  year,  fuftained  the  repeated 
"  attacks  of  the  favages,  and  obtained  a  conipleat 
"vidory  over  them."  —  He  alfo  reminded  them 
"  of  the  exemplary  punilliments  that  would  be 
'•  inflided  on  the  grievous  crime  of  defertion,  if 
''any  of  them  were  capable  of  fo  far  forgetting 
"  their  folemn  oath  and  duty  to  their  king  and 
"  country,  ?s  to  be  involved  in  it.  " 

CoL.   Boi'<^)>.ET   then  affumed   the  command   of 
the  regular  and  provincial   troops;    and  the  four 
following  days  were  fpent  in   the  neceffary  prep- 
arations    for    their    march;      the    Colonel    giving 
the  moft  exprefs  orders  to  the  officers  and  men  to 
obferve    ftnct  difcipline,  and  not    to  commit  the 
ieaft   violation  of  the  civil  rights    or  peace  of  the 
inhabitants.— He,  at   the    fame    time,   made    the 
mofl   prudent  regulations  for  a  fafe  and  commo 
dious  carriage  of  the  baggage,  taking  care  to   rid 
himlelt  of  all  unneceffary  incumbrances. 

The    (jth   of   Auguft    this  fmall  army  got  to 
Fort  Loudoun  ;  but  notwithstanding  all  the  precau 
tions  taken  to  prevtnt  defertion,  the  Pennfylvania 

troops 


&  *tkai8!..*<;g«i».4ag..vu>.Mti^«>*aK%^ft)iai^.i^ 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


35 


troops  were  now  reduced  to  about  700  men.  The 
Colonel  was  therefore  under  a  neceffity  to  apply  to 
the  government  of  that  province  to  enable  him  to 
compieat  their  number  to  the  ful'  complement  ; 
which  was  generoufly  granted  by  a  refolve  of  the 
Governor  and  Commiffioners  Auguft  16th;  and 
the  army  advancing  now  beyond  fhe  fettled  parts 
of  Pennfylvania,  he  made  applic;.tIon  to  the  col- 
ony of  Virginia,  where  (under  the  countenance  of 
Governor  Fauquier)  the  men  wanted  were  foon 
raifed,  and  joined  the  army  at  Pittlburg,  about  the 
latter  end  of  September. 

Nothing  material  happened  in  their  march,  from 
Fort  Loudoun  to  Fort  Pitt,  (formerly  Fort  Du 
Quefne)  on  the  Ohio,  three  hundred  and  twenty 
miles  weft  from  Philadelphia ;  at  which  place 
Col.  Bouquet  arrived  the  17th  ot  September. 

During  thio  iiK-^rval,  feveral  large  convoys  were 
forwarded  uiiJer  ftrong  efcorts  ;  and  though  rhe 
enemy  continued  their  ravages  all  that  time  on 
the  frontiers,  they  durft  not  attack  any  of  thofe 
convoys,  which  all  arrived  fafe  at  Fort    Pitt. 


While  Col.  Bouquet  was  at   Fort  Loudoun,  he 

received 


' 


H'ljiorical  Account  of 


received  difpatches  by  exprefs  from  Colonel  Brad- 
ftreet,  dated  from  Prefque-lfie  Auguft  14th,  ac- 
quainting him  that  he  (Colonel  Bradrtreet)  had 
concluded  a  peace  with  the  Delawares  and  Sha- 
wanefe;  but  Colonel  Bouquet  perceiving  clearly 
that  they  were  not  lincere  in  their  intentions,  as 
they  continued  their  murders  and  depredations,  he 
determined  to  profecute  his  plan  without  remiifion, 
till  he  fhould  receive  further  inftru'tiions  from 
General  Gage ;  who,  upon  the  fame  principles, 
retufed  to  ratify  the  treaty,  and  renewed  his  orders 
to  both  armies  to  attack  the  enemy. 

Aboi  T  the  time  of  Colonel  Bouquet's  arrival  at 
Fort  Pitt,  ten  Indians  appeared  on  the  north  fide 
of  the  Ohio,  defiring  a  conference  ;  which  ftratagem 
the  favages  had  made  ufe  of  before,  to  obtain  in- 
telligence of  our  numbers  and  intentions.  Three 
ot  the  party  confented,  though  with  apparent  relud- 
ance,  to  come  over  to  the  Fort ;  and  as  they  could 
give  no  fatisfadory  reafon  for  their  vifit,  thev  were 
detained  as  fpies,  and  their  affociates  fled  back  to 
their  towns. 


On   the    20th    of   September   Colonel    Bouquet 
fent  one  of    the    above    three    Indians  after  them 

with 


Colonel  Bouquet' s  Exp  edition. 


31 


with  a  meflage,  in  fubftance  as  follows —  "  I  have 
"  received  an  account  from  Colonel  Bradftreet 
''  that  your  nations  had  begged  for  peace,  which  he 
"  had  confented  to  grant,  upon  alTurance  that  vou 
"  had  recalled  all  your  warriors  from  our  frontiers  ; 
"and  in  confequence  thereof,  I  would  not  have 
"proceeded  againft  your  towns,  if  I  had  not  heard 
"  that,  in  open  violation  of  your  engagements,  vou 
"have  fince  murdered  feveral  of  our  people. 


"As  foon  as  the  reft  of  the  armv  ioins  me, 
'which  I  exped  immediately,  I  was  therefore  de- 
'  termined  to  have  attacked  you,  as  a  people  whofe 
'promifes  can  no  more  be  relied  on.  But  I  will 
'  put  it  once  more  in  your  power  to  fave  your- 
'  felves  and  your  families  from  total  deftrudion,  by 
'giving  us  fatisfadion  for  the  hoftilities  committed 
'  againft  us.  And  firft  you  are  to  leave  the  path 
'  open  for  my  exprefles  from  hence  to  Detroit ; 
'  and  as  I  am  now  to  fend  two  men  with  difpatchcs 
'to  Colonel  Bradftreet  who  commands  on  the 
'  lakes,  1  defire  to  know  whether  you  will  fend  two 
'  ot  your  people  with  them  to  bring  them  fafe 
'back  with  an  anfwer?  And  if  they  receive  any 
'  injury  either  in  going  or  coming,  or  if  the  letters 
*are  taken  from  them,  I  will  immediately  put  the 

"  Indians 


38 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


"  Indians  now  in  my  power  to  death,  and  will  (hew 
**  no  mercy  for  the  future  to  any  of  your  nations 
"  that  fhall  fall  into  my  hands.  I  allow  you  ten 
"  days  to  have  my  letters  delivered  at  Detroit,  and 
"ten  days  to  bring  me  back  an  answer." 

He  added  "that  he  had  lately  had  it  in  his 
"  power,  while  they  remained  on  the  other  fide  of 
"  the  river,  to  have  put  their  whole  party  to  death, 
"which  punilhment  they  had  deferved  by  their 
"  former  treachery  ;  and  that  if  they  did  not 
"  improve  the  clemency  now  offered  to  them,  by 
"  returning  back  as  foon  as  polTible  with  all  their 
"  pnfoners,  they  might  exped  to  teel  the  fuli 
"weight  of  a  juft  vengeance  and  refenrment." — 

We  have  been  the  more  particular  in  our  ac- 
count of  this  firft  tranfadion  with  the  Indians; 
becaufe  the  Colonel's  firm  and  determined  conduiil 
in  opening  the  campaign,  had  happy  effeds  in  the 
profecution  of  it,  and  Ihews  by  what  methods  thefc 
faithlefs  favages  are  to  be  beft  reduced  to  reafon. 


On  the  iff  of  Oelober,  nvo  of  the  Six  Nation 
tribes,  an  Onondago  and  Oneida  Indian,  came 
to   Forr    Pitt,   and   under  colour  of    our  ancient 

friendff\i^ 


Colonel  Bou(fuef s   Expedition. 


39 


I 


friendship  with  them,  and  their  pretended  regard 
to  the  Englifh,  endeavored  to  difTuade  the  Colonel 
from  proceeding  with  the  army.  They  told  him 
that  his  force  was  not  fufficient  to  withftand  the 
power  of  the  numerous  nations  through  whofe 
country  he  was  to  pafs,  and  afluretl  him  that  if  he 
would  wait  a  little,  they  would  all  come  and  make 
peace  with  him;  at  the  fame  time  recommending  it 
particularly  to  him  to  fend  hack  the  two  Indians 
detained  as  fpies.  Thefe  little  arts  being  clearly 
made  uk  of  to  fpin  out  the  feafontill  the  approach 
of  winter  fhould  render  it  impoflihle  to  proceed, 
rhey  made  but  little  impreflion-  He  told  them 
hat  he  could  not  depend  on  the  promifes  of  the 
Delawares  and  Shawanefe ;  and  was  determined 
to  proceed  to  Tufcarowas,  where,  if  rhey  had  my 
thing  to  fay,  he  would  hear  them. 

In  the  mean  time,  he  was  ufintr  the  utmoft  dili- 
gence to  prepare  for  his  march,  and  was  obliged 
to  enforce  the  feverert  difcipline.  Dne  woman 
belonging  to  each  corps,  and  f\\o  nurfes  for  the 
general  ho  pital,  were  all  thit  were  permitted  to 
follow  the  .rinv.  The  other  women  in  the  camp, 
and  thofe  unncelTarv  in  the  garrifon,  were  ordered 
immediatel)  down  the  country  into  the  fettlements. 

I  wo 


r 


40 


Hijlorkal  Account  of 


Two  Ibldiers  were  fhor  for  delertion  ;   an  example 
which    became    ahlblutelv    neceflary    to    rupprels    a 
crime   which,    in    iuch   an    expedition,   would    have 
been  attended  with  fatal  confequences,  by  weaken 
ing  an  army  already  too  fmall. 

Coi.ONEi.  Bouquet,  having  at  length,  with  great 
difficulty,  collected  his  troops,  formed  his  mag- 
azines, and  provided  for  the  fafety  of  the  potb 
he  was  to  leave  l)ehind  him,  was  readv  on  the  id 
ot  October  to  proceed  from  Kort  Pitt,  with  about 
1500  men,  including  drivers  and  other  neceflary 
followers  of  the  army. 

As  a  juft  idea  of  the  condud  of  this  expedition, 
and  the  great  caution  taken  to  prevent  furpri/.e, 
will  be  bell  obtained  from  the  order  of  march, 
we  fhall  here  infert  it,  with  a  Copper  Plate  for  the 
illuftration  <if  it,  and  an  accurate  Draught,  taken 
trom  adual  furveys,  o\  the  road  and  adjacent 
country,  through  which  the  army  palTed. 


The  Colonel,  expreffing  the  greateft  confidence 
in  the  bravery  of  the  troops,  told  them,  "  he 
did  "  not  doubt  but  this  war  would  foon  be 
ended  "under  God,  to    tiieir  own  honor,  and  the 

"  future 


I 


Colonel  Bouquet' s  Expedition. 


41 


"future  Hifety  of  their  country,  provided  the  men 
"were  itndly  obedient  to  orders,  and  guarded 
"againft  the  furprizes  and  hidden  attacks  of  a 
*'  treacherous  enemy,  who  never  dared  to  face  Britifh 
"  troops  in  an  open  field  ;  that  the  diftance  of  the 
"enemy's  towns,  and  the  clearing  roads  to  them, 
"muft  neceflarily  require  a  confulerable  time;  that 
"  the  troops  in  thofe  dei'crts,  had  no  other  (upplies 
"to  exped  but  the  ammunition  and  provifions 
"  they  carried  with  them  ;  and  that  therefore  the 
"  utmoft  care  and  frugality  would  be  neceffary  in 
"  the  ufe  of  them."  He  puhlifhed  the  levereft 
penalties  againft  thofe  who  iTiould  be  found  guilty 
of  ftealing  or  embezzling  any  part  of  them,  and 
ordered  his  March  in  the  following  manner. — 


A  CORPS  of  Virginia '••  volunteers  advanced  be- 
fore the  whole  ;  detaching  three  fcouting  parties. 
One  of  them,  furnifhed  with  a  guide,  marched  in 
the  center  path,  which  the  army  was  to  follow. 
The  other  two  extended  themfelvea  in  a  line 
a-breail,  on  the  right  and  left  of  the  aforefaid  party, 
to  reconnoitre  the  woods. 


*Thel'e  wen    the  men    railed    in    Virginia    to  compleat   the 
Pennlylvania    ttoops,  and    were    in    tlie   pay   of  the    lail   men 
tioned  province. 

Under 


[»JJ_^lXJJL^JiHM^>i>iKSi 


42 


Hifiorical  Account  of 


Unuer  cover  of  this  corps,  the  ax-men,  confill- 
ing  of  all  the  artificers,  and  two  companies  o 
light  infantry,  r'ollowed  in  three  divifions,  under 
the  diredion  of  the  chief  engineer,  to  clear  three 
different  paths,  in  which  the  troops  and  the  con- 
vov  followed,  viz. — 

The  front-face  of  the  fqaare,  compofed  o^  part 
of  the  42d  regiment,  marched  in  a  column,  two 
deep,  in  the  center  path. 

The  righ;  face  of  the  fquare,  compofed  of  the 
remainder  of  the  42d  and  of  the  60th  regiment, 
marched  in  a  fingle  file  in  the  right-hand  path. 

The  firft  battalion  of  Pennfylvanians  compofed 
the  left  face,  marching  in  like  manner  in  the  path 
to  the  left  of  the  center. 

The  corps  de  referve,  compofed  of  two  platoons 
of  grenadiers,  followed  the  right  and  left  faces  of 
the  fcpjare. 

The  2d  battalion  of  Pennfylvanians  formed  the 
rear  face  of  the  fquare,  and  followed  the  corps  de 
referve,  each  in  a  fingle  file,  on  the  right  and  left 

hand 


-—'"•— I  jrmlintMhnfii 


--■'"■  --'"-■*■  -*- 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


43 


hand  paths  ;  all  thefe  troops  covering  the  convoy, 
which  mov^ed  in  the  center  path. 

A  PARTY  of  light  horfe-men  inarched  behind 
the  rear-face  of  the  fquare,  followed  by  another 
corps  of  Virginia  volunteers,  forming  the  rear- 
guard. 

The  Pennfylvania  volunteers,  dividing  them- 
felves  equally,  and  marching  in  a  fingle  file,  at  a 
proper  diftance,  flanked  the  right  and  left  faces  of 
the  fquare. 

This  was  the  general  order  of  march.  Nor  was 
lefs  attention  paid  to  particular  matters  of  a  fub- 
ordinate  nature.  The  ammunition  and  tools  were 
placed  in  the  rear  of  the  firil  column,  or  front  face 
of  the  fquare,  followed  by  the  officers'  baggage, 
and  tents.  The  oxen  and  flieep  came  after  the 
baggage,  in  feparate  droves,  properly  guarded. 
The  provifions  came  next  to  the  baggage,  in  four 
divisions,  or  brigades  of  pack-horfes,  each  con- 
duced bv  a  horfe  mailer. 


The  troops  were  ordered  to  obferve  the  mofl 
profound  filence,  and  the  men  to  march  at  two 
yards  diftance  from  one  another.     When  the  line 

or 


44 


Hijlorical  .Account  of 


or  any  part  of  it  halted,  the  whole  were  to  face 
outwards;  and  if  attacked  on  their  march,  they 
were  to  halt  immediately,  ready  to  form  the  fquare 
when  ordered.  The  light  horfe  were  then  to 
march  into  the  fijuare,  with  the  cattle,  provifions, 
ammunition  and  baggage.  Proper  difpofitions 
were  likewife  made  in  cafe  of  an  attack  in  the 
night;  and  for  encampments,  guards,  communi- 
cations between  the  centries,  fignals,  and  the  like. 

Things  being  thus  fettled,  the  army  decamped 
from  Fort- Pitt  on  Wednefday  Odober  jd,  and 
marched  about  one  mile  and  an  half  over  a  rich 
level  country,  with  (lately  timber,  to  camp  No.  2. 
a  ftrong  piece  of  ground,  pleafantly  fituated,  with 
plenty  of  water  and  food  for  cattle. 


Thursdav  Ocflober  4th,  having  proceeded  about 
two  miles,  they  came  to  the  Ohio,  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  narrows,  and  from  thence  followed  the 
courfe  of  the  river  along  a  flat  gravelly  beech, 
about  fix  miles  and  a  quarter;  with  two  iflands 
on  their  left,  the  lowerrnoft  about  fix  miles  long, 
with  a  rifing  ground  running  acrofs,  and  gently 
Hoping  on  both  fides  to  its  banks,  which  are 
high  and  upright.  At  the  lower  end  of  this 
ifland,  the  army  left   the   river,  marching  through 

good 


Colonel  Bouquet's   Expedition. 


45 


good  land,  broken  with  Imall  hollows  to  camp 
No.  J  ;  this  day's  march  being  nine  miles  and  a 
quarter.  — 


Friday  Odober  5th.  In  this  day's  march  the 
army  pafled  through  Loggs-rown,  fituated  feven- 
teen  miles  and  an  half,  fifty  feven  perches,  by  the 
path,  from  Fort- Pitt.  This  place  was  noted  be- 
fore the  laft  war  for  the  great  trade  carried  on  there 
by  the  Englifh  and  French  ;  but  its  inhabitants, 
the  Shawanefe  and  Delawares,  abandoned  it  in  the 
year  1750.  The  lower  town  extended  about  fixty 
perches  over  a  rich  bottom  to  the  foot  of  a  low 
fteep  ridge,  on  the  fummit  of  which,  near  the  de- 
clivity, ftood  the  upper  town,  commanding  a  moft 
agreeable  profped  over  the  lower,  and  quite  acrofs 
the  Ohio,  which  is  about  500  yards  wide  here, 
and  by  its  majeftic  eafy  current  adds  much  to  the 
beauty  of  the  place.  Proceeding  beyond  Logg's- 
town,  through  a  fine  country,  Jnrerfperfed  with 
hills  and  rich  valleys,  watered  bv  many  rivulets, 
and  covered  with  ftately  timber,  they  came  to  camp 
No.  4  ;  on  a  level  piece  of  ground,  with  a  thicket 
in  the  rear,  a  fmali  precipice  round  the  front,  with 
a  run  of  water  at  the  foot,  and  good  food  for 
cattle.  This  day's  march  was  nine  miles,  one  half, 
and  fifty  three  perches. 

Saturday 


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46 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


Saturday  Odober  6th,  at  about  three  miles 
diftance  from  this  camp,  they  came  again  to  the 
Ohio,  purfuing  its  courfe  half  a  mile  farther,  and 
then  turning  off,  over  a  fteep  ridge,  they  croffed 
Big  Beaver-creek,  which  is  twenty  perches  wide, 
the  ford  ftony  and  pretty  deep.  It  runs  through 
a  rich  vale,  with  a  pretty  ftrong  current,  its  banks 
high,  the  upland  adjoining  it  very  good,  the 
timber  tall  and  young. About  a  mile  be- 
low its  confluence  with  the  Ohio,  flood  formerly 
a  large  town,  on  a  fleep  bank,  built  by  the 
French  of  fquare  logs,  with  flone  chimneys,  for 
fome  of  the  Shawanefe,  Delaware  and  Mingo 
tribes,  who  abandoned  it  in  the  year  1758,  when 
the  French  deferted  Fort  Du  Quefne.  Near 
the  fording  of  Beaver-creek  alfo  flood  about 
feven  houfes,  which  were  deferted  and  deflroyed 
by  the  Indians,  after  their  defeat  at  Bufhy-run, 
when  they  forfook  all  their  remaining  fettlements 
in  this  part  of  the  country,  as  has  been  mentioned 
above. 

About  two  miles  before  the  army  came  to  Bea- 
ver-creek, one  of  our  people  who  had  been  made 
prifoner  by  fix  Delawares  about  a  week  before,  near 
Fort  Bedford,  having  made  his  efcape  from  them, 
came  and  informed  the  Colonel  that  thefe  Indians 

had 


S,'W!<Sfc!ift/|«f«94 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition.  47 

had  the  day  before  fallen  in  with  the  army,  hut 
kept  themfelves  concealed,  being  furprifed  at  our 
numbers.  Two  miles  beyond  Beaver- creek,  by 
two  fmall  fprings,  was  feen  the  fcull  of  a  child,  that 
had  been  fixed  on  a  pole  by  the  Indians.  The 
Trads  of  15  Indians  were  this  day  difcovered. 
The  camp  No.  5  is  feven  miles  one  quarter  and 
fifty  feven  perches  from  big  Beaver-creek;  the 
whole  march  of  this  day  being  about  twelve 
miles. 

SuNDAV  7th  Oaober,  pafllng  a  high  ridge,  they 
had  a  fine  profped  of  an  extenfive  country  to  the 
right,  which  in  general  appeared  level,  with  abund- 
ance of  tall  timber.  The  camp  No.  6  lies  at  the 
foot  of  a  fteep  defcent,  in  a  rich  valley,  on  a  ftrong 
ground,  three  fides  thereof  furrounded  by  a  hollow, 
and  on  the  fourth  fide  a  fmall  hill,  which  was  occu- 
pied by  a  detached  guard.  This  day's  march  was 
fix  miles  fixty  five  perches. 

Monday  8th  Odober,  the  army  eroded  little 
Beaver-creek,  and  one  of  its  branches.  This  creek 
is  eight  perches  wide,  with  a  good  ford,  the  country 
about  it  interfperfed  with  hills,  rivulets  and  rich 
valleys,  like  that  defcribed  above.  Camp  No.  7 
lies  by  a  fmall  run  on  the  fide  of  a  hill,  commanding 

the 


48 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


the  ground  about  it,  and  is  diilant  eleven  miles 
one  quarter  and  forty  nine  perches  from  the  lalt 
encampment. 

Tuesday  Odober  9th.  In  this  day's  march, 
the  path  divided  into  two  branches,  that  to  the 
fouthweft  leading  to  the  lower  towns  upon  the 
Mufkingham.  In  the  forks  of  the  path  ftand 
feveral  trees  painted  by  the  Indians,  in  a  hiero- 
glyphic manner,  denoting  the  number  of  wars  in 
which  they  have  been  engaged,  and  the  particulars 
of  their  fuccefs  in  prifoners  and  fcalps.  The  camp 
No.  8.  lies  on  a  run,  and  level  piece  of  ground, 
with  Yellow-creek  clofe  on  the  left,  and  a  rifing 
ground  near  the  rear  of  the  right  face.  The  path 
after  the  army  left  the  forks  was  fo  brufhy  and 
entangled,  that  they  were  obliged  to  cut  all  the 
way  before  them,  and  alfo  to  lay  feveral  bridges,  in 
order  to  make  it  paflable  for  the  horfes  ;  fo  that 
this  day  they  proceeded  only  five  miles,  three 
quarters  and  feventy  perches. 


Wednesdav  10th.  Marched  one  mile  with 
Yellow-creek  on  the  left  at  a  fmall  diftance  all 
the  way,  and  crofled  it  at  a  good  ford  fifty  feet 
wide ;  proceeding  through  an  alternate  fucceflion 
of  fmall  hills  and  rich  vales,  finely  watered  with 

rivulets, 


..,^,,.,.^,...»li#^».* . 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


49 


rivulets,   to  camp   No.   9.   feven    miles  and  fixty 
perches  in  the  whole. 

Thursday  i  ith.  Crofled  a  branch  of  Mufking- 
ham  river  about  fifty  feet  wide,  the  country  much 
the  fame  as  that  defer i bed  above,  difcovering  a 
good  deal  of  free-ftone.  The  camp  No.  10.  had 
this  branch  of  the  river  parallel  to  its  left  face, 
and  lies  ten  miles  one  quarter  and  forty  perches 
from  the  former  encampment. 

Friday  12th.  Keeping  the  aforefaid  creek  on 
their  left,  they  marched  through  much  fine  land, 
watered  with  fmall  rivers  and  fprings ;  proceed- 
ing likewife  through  feveral  favannahs  or  cleared 
fpots,  which  are  by  nature  extremely  beautiful ;  the 
fecond  which  they  pafled  being,  in  particular,  one 
continued  plain  of  near  two  miles,  with  a  fine 
rifing  ground  forming  a  femicircle  round  the  right 
hand  fide,  and  a  pleafant  Itream  of  water  at  about 
a  quarter  of  a  mile  diftant  on  the  left.  The  camp 
No.  II.  has  the  abovementioned  branch  of  Muik- 
ingham  on  the  left,  and  is  diftant  ten  miles  and 
three  quarters  from  the  laft  encainpment. 

Saturday  13th.  Crofl'ed  Nemenfhehelas  creek, 
about  fifty  feet  wide,  a  little  above  where  it  empties 

itfelf 


<  \t 


k: 


50 


Hijlorical  Account  of 


itfelf  into  the  aforefaid  branch  of  Mufkingham, 
having  in  their  way  a  pleafant  profped  over  a 
large  plain,  for  near  two  miles  on  the  left.  A  lit- 
tle further,  they  came  to  another  fmall  river  which 
they  crolTed  about  fifty  perches  above  where  it 
empties  into  the  faid  branch  of  Mufkingham. 
Here  a  high  ridge  on  the  right,  and  the  creek  clofe 
on  the  left,  form  a  narrow  defile  about  feventy 
perches  long.  Pafllng  afterwards  over  a  very  rich 
bottom,  they  came  to  the  main  branch  of  Muflcing- 
ham,  about  feventy  yards  wide,  with  a  good  ford. 
A  little  below  and  above  the  forks  of  this  river  is 
Tufcarowas,  a  place  exceedingly  beautiful  by  fit- 
uation,  the  lands  rich  on  both  fides  of  the  river; 
the  country  on  the  north  weft  fide  being  an  entire 
level  plain,  upwards  of  five  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence. From  the  ruined  houfes  appearing  here,  the 
Indians  who  inhabited  the  place  and  are  now  with 
the  Delawares,  are  fuppofed  to  have  had  about  one 
hundred  and  fifty  warriors.  This  camp  No.  12. 
is  diftant  eight  miles  nineteen  perches  from  the 
former. 


Sunday  14th.  The  army  remained  in  camp; 
and  two  men  who  had  been  difpatched  by  Colonel 
Bouquet  from  Fort- Pitt,  with  letters  for  Colonel 
Bradftreet,  returned  and  reported — '^That,  within 

*'a  few 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


51 


*'a  few  miles  of  this  place,  they  had  been  made 
*'  prifoners  by  the  Delawares,  and  carried  to  one 
"  of  their  towns  fixteen  miles  from  hence,  where 
**  they  were  kept,  till  the  favages,  knowing  of  the 
''arrival  of  the  army  here,  fet  them  at  liberty, 
"ordering  them  to  acquaint  the  Colonel  that  the 
•'  head  men  of  the  Delawares  and  Shawanefe  were 
"coming  as  foon  as  poffible  to  treat  of  peace 
*'  with  him." 


. 


MoNDAV  15th.  The  army  moved  two  miles 
forty  perches  further  down  the  Mufkingham  to 
camp  No.  13,  fituated  on  a  very  high  bank,  with 
the  river  at  the  foot  of  it,  which  is  upwards  of  100 
yards  wide  at  this  place,  with  a  fine  level  country 
at  fome  diftance  from  its  banks,  producing  {lately 
timber,  free  from  underwood,  and  plenty  of  food 
for  cattle. 


The  day  following,  fix  Indians  came  to  inform 
the  Colonel  that  all  their  chiefs  were  aflembled 
about  eight  miles  from  the  camp,  and  were  ready 
to  treat  with  him  of  peace,  which  they  were  earn- 
eftly  defirous  of  obtaining.  He  returned  for 
anfwer  that  he  would  meet  them  the  next  day 
in  a  bower  at  fome  diftance  from  the  camp.  In 
the  mean  time,  he  ordered  a  fmall  ftockaded  fort 

to 


'■>«»»"»WlJj*,V 


52 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


to  be  built  to  depofite  provifions  for  the  ufe  of 
the  troops  on  their  return ;  and  to  lighten  the 
convoy. 

As  feveral  large  bodies  of  Indians  were  now 
within  a  few  miles  of  the  camp,  whofe  former 
inftances  of  treachery,  although  they  now  declared 
they  came  for  peace,  made  it  prudent  to  truft 
nothing  to  their  intentions,  the  ftridleft  orders 
were  repeated  to  prevent  a  furprife. 

Wednesday  17th.  The  Colonel,  with  moft  of 
the  regular  troops,  Virginia  volunteers  and  light 
horfe,  marched  from  the  camp  to  the  bower  eredled 
for  the  congrefs.  And  foon  after  the  troops  were 
ftationed,  fo  as  to  appear  to  the  beft  advantage,  the 
Indians  arrived,  and  were  conducted  to  the  bower. 
Being  feated,  they  began,  in  a  fhort  time,  to  fmoak 
their  pipe  or  calumet,  agreeable  to  their  cuflom. 
This  ceremony  being  over,  their  fpeakers  laid 
down  their  pipes,  and  opened  their  pouches,  where- 
in were  their  firings  and  belts  of  wampum.  The 
Indians  prefent  were, 

Senegas. 
Kiyafhuta,  chief  with  15  warriors. 


Delawares. 


'i 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


S3 


Delawares. 

Cuftaloga,  chief  of  the  Wolfe-tribe,  Beaver,  chief 
of  the  Turky-tribe,  with  20  warriors. 

Shawanese. 
Keiflinautchtha,  a  chief,  and  6  warriors. 

Kiyafhuta,  Turtle-Heart,  Cuftaloga  and  Beaver, 
were  the  fpeakers. 

The   general    subftance  *of  what   they   had    to 
offer,  confifted  in  excufes  for  their  late  treachery 
and  mifcondud,  throwing  the  blame  on  the  rafti- 
nefs  of  their  young  men  and  the  nations  living  to 
the  weftward  of  them,  fuing  for  peace  in  the  moft 
abjed  manner,  and  promifing  feverally  to  deliver 
up  all  their  prifoners.     After  they  had  concluded, 
the  Colonel    promifed    to    give    them    an    anfwer 
the  next  day,  and  then  difmifled  them,  the  army 
returning    to   the   camp.  —  The   badnefs   of   the 
weather,    however,    prevented    his    meeting    them 
again  till   the  20th,  when    he  fpoke  to    them  in 
fubftance  as  follows,  viz. 

"That  their  pretences  to  palliate  their  guilt 
"by  throwing  the  blame  on  the  weftern  nations, 
"  and  the  raftinefs  of  their  young  men,  were  weak 

"and 


S.Wis^utv 


Srf^ttum^/hii^. 


t^  / 


t-noi 


■ROB!  CLAWj.  tCO.  Tublishers  .CINCINNATI 


Am  Photo- Lithosraphtc  Co.  NY  (0»bome'sProce»».) 


54 


Hiftmcal  Account  of 


"and  frivolous,  as  it  was  in  our  power  to  have 
"  protedled  them  againft  all  thefe  nations,  if  they 
"  had  folicited  our  afliftance,  and  that  it  was  their 
"own  duty  to  have  chaftifed  their  young  men 
"when  they  did  wrong,  and  not  to  fufFer  them- 
"  felves  to  be  direded  by  them." 


■^ 


He  recapitulated  to  them  many  inftances  of 
their  former  perfidy  —  "their  killing  or  captivat- 
"ing  the  traders  who  had  been  fent  among  them 
"at  their  own  requeft,  and  plundering  their  efFedls; 
" — their  attacking  Fort  Pitt,  which  had  been  built 
"with  their  exprefs  confent;  their  murdering  four 
"men  that  had  been  fent  on  a  public  meflage  to 
"them,  thereby  violating  the  cuftoms  held  facred 

"among  all  nations,  however  barbarous; their 

"attacking  the  King's  troops  laft  year  in  the  woods, 
"and  after  being  defeated  in  that  attempt,  falling 
"upon  our  frontiers,  where  they  had  continued  to 
"murder  our  people  to  this  day,  &c." 


He  told  them  how  treacherously  they  had  vio- 
lated even  their  late  engagements  with  Colonel 
Bradftreet,  to  whom  they  had  promifed  to  deliver 
up  their  prifoners  by  the  loth  of  September  laft, 
and  to  recall  all  their  warriors  from  the  frontiers, 
which  they  had  been  fo  far  from  complying  with, 

that 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


SS 


that  the  prifoners  ftill  remained  in  their  cuftody, 
and  fome  of  their  people  were  even  now  continu- 
ing their  depredations;  adding,  that  thele  things 
which  he  had  mentioned,  were  only  *'a  fmall  part 
"of  their  numberlefs  murders  and  breaches  of 
"faith;    and  that   their   condud   had   always  been 

"equally  perfidious. You  have,  faid  he,  prom- 

"ifed  at  every  former  treaty,  as  you  do  now,  that 
"you  would  deliver  up  all  your  prifoners,  and 
"have  received  every  time,  on  that  account, 
"confiderable  prefents,  but  have  never  complied 
"with  that  or  any  other  engagement.  I  am  now 
"ro  tell  you,  therefore,  that  we  will  be  no  longer 
"impofed  upon  by  your  promifes.  This  army 
"(ball  not  leave  vour  country  till  vou  have  fully 
"complied  with  every  condition  that  is  to  precede 
"my  treaty  with  you. 

"I  HAVE  brought  uith  me  the  relations  of  the 
"people  you  have  maiTacred,  or  taken  prifoners. 
"They  are  impatient  for  revenge;  and  it  is  with 
"areat  difficulty  that  1  can  proted  you  againft 
"their  juft  refentment,  which  is  only  reftramed  by 
"the  aflurances  given  them  that  no  peace  Hiall 
"ever  be  concluded  till  you  have  given  us  full 
"fatisfadion."  — 


"Your 


56 


Hiftorical  Account  of 


"Your  former  allies,  the  Ottawas,  Chipwas, 
"Wyandots,  and  others,  have  made  their  peace 
"with  us.  The  Six  Nations  have  joined  us  againft 
"you.  We  now  furround  you,  having  poflTelTion 
"of  all  the  waters  of  the  Ohio,  the  Miflifippi,  the 
"Miamis,  and  the  lakes.  All  the  French  living 
"in  thofe  parts  are  now  fubjeds  of  Great-Britain, 
"and  dare  no  longer  afTift  you.  It  is  therefore  in 
"our  power  totally  to  extirpate  you  from  being  a 

"people But  the  Englifh  are  a  merciful  and 

"generous  nation,  averfe  to  fhed  the  blood,  even 
"of  their  moil  cruel  enemies;  and  if  it  was  polfi- 
"ble  that  vou  could  convince  us,  that  vou  fincerelv 
"repent  of  your  part  perfidy,  and  that  we  could 
"depend  on  your  good  behavior  for  the  future, 

"you  might  yet  hope  for  mercy  and  peace If 

"I  find  that  you  faithfully  execute  the  following 
"preliminary  conditions,  I  will  not  treat  you  with 
"the  feverity  you  deferve. 

"  I  GIVE  you  twelve  days  from  this  date  to 
"deliver  into  my  hands  at  Wakatamake  all  the 
"prifoners  in  vour  pofTefTion,  without  any  ex- 
"ception;  Englifhmen,  Frenchmen,  women  and 
"children;  whether  adopted  in  your  tribes,  mar- 
"ried,  or  living  amongft  you  under  any  denomi- 
"  nation   and    pretence  whatfoever,   together  with 

"all 


1?v|^^'!f^^^'" 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


5: 


"all  negroes.  And  you  are  to  furnifh  the  faid 
"prifoners  with  cloathing,  provlfions,  and  horfes, 
**to  carry  them  to  Fort  Pitt, 

"When  you  have  fully  complied  with  thefe 
"  conditions,  you  (Kail  then  know  on  what  terms 
"you  may  obtain  the  peace  you  fue  for."  — 


This  fpeech  made  an  imprelTion  on  the  minds 
of  the  favages,  which,  it  is  hoped,  will  not  foon  be 
eradicated.  The  firm  and  determined  fpirit  with 
which  the  Colonel  delivered  himfelf,  their  con- 
fcioufnefs  of  the  aggravated  injuries  they  had  done 
us,  and  the  view  of  the  fame  commander  and  army 
that  had  fo  feverely  chaftifed  them  at  Bufhy-Run 
the  preceding  year,  now  advanced  into  the  v^ery 
heart  of  their  remote  fettlements,  after  penetrating 
through  wildernelTes  which  they  had  deemed  im- 

paffable    by    regular    troops all    thefe    things 

contributed  to  bend  the  haughty  temper  of  the 
favages  to  the  loweft  degree  of  abafement;  fo  that 
even  their  fpeeches  feem  to  exhibit  but  few  fpeci- 
mens  of  that  ftrong  and  ferocious  eloquence,  which 
their  inflexible  fpirit  of  independency  has  on  for- 
mer occafions  infpired.  And  though  it  is  not  to 
be  doubted,  if  an  opportunity  had  oflTered,  but 
they  would  have  fallen  upon  our  army  with  their 

ufual 


»*Aii<ipi;iii<iiiWiiitii' 


51 


Htjiorical  Account  of 


ufual  fiercenefs,  yet  when  they  faw  the  vigilance  and 
fpirit  of  our  troops  were  fuch,  that  they  could 
neither  be  attacked  nor  furprized  with  any  prolpe«5l 
of  fuccefs,  their  fpirits  feemed  to  revolt  from  the 
one  extreme  of  infolent  boldnefs,  to  the  other  of 
abjed  timidity.  And  happy  will  it  be  for  them 
and  for  us,  if  the  inftances  of  our  humanity  and 
mercy,  which  they  experienced  in  that  critical  fit- 
uation,  (hall  make  as  lafting  imprertions  on  their 
fiwage  difpofitions,  as  it  is  believed  the  inftances 
of  our  bravery  and  power  have  done;  fo  that  they 
jnay  come  to  unite,  with  their  fear  of  the  latter,  a 
love  of  the  former;  and  have  their  minds  gradu- 
ally opened,  by  fuch  examples,  to  the  mild  dilates 
of  pcc.ce  and  civility. 


The  reader,  it  is  to  be  hoped,  will  readily  excufe 
this  digrelfion,  if  it  lliould  be  thought  one.  I  now 
refume  our  narrative.  Ihe  two  Delaware  chiefs, 
at  the  clofe  of  their  fpeech  on  the  17th,  delivered 
eighteen  white  prifoners,  and  eighty-three  fmall 
fticks,  exprelTing  the  number  of  other  prifoners 
which  they  had  in  their  poflelTion,  and  promifed 
to  bring  in  as  foon  as  poflible.  None  of  the 
Shawanefe  Kings  appeared  at  the  congrefs,  and 
Keiflinautchtha  their  deputy  declined  fpeaking 
until  the  Colonel  had  anfwered  the  Delawares,  and 

then 


' 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


59 


then  with  a  dejeded  fullennefs  he  promifed,  in 
behalf  of  his  nation,  that  they  would  fubmit  to 
the  terms  prefcribed  to  the  other  tribes. 

The  Colonel  however,  determined  to  march 
farther  into  their  country,  knowing  that  the 
prefence  of  his  army  would  be  the  beft  fecurity 
for  the  performance  of  their  promifes  ;  and  re- 
quired fome  of  each  nation  to  attend  him  in  his 
march. 


KiYASHUTA  addreffed  the  feveral  nations,  before 
their  departure,  "defiring  them  to  be  ftrong  in 
"complying  with  their  engagements,  that  they 
"might  wipe  away  the  reproach  of  their  former 
"breach  of  faith,  and  convince  their  brothers  the 
"Englifti  that  they  could  fpeak  the  truth;  adding 
"that  he  would  condud  the  army  to  the  place 
"appointed  for  receiving  the  prifoners." 

Monday  Odober  22d.  The  army,  attended 
by  the  Indian  deputies,  marched  nine  miles  to 
camp  No.  14.  crofling  Margaret's  creek  about 
fifty  feet  wide The  day  following,  they  pro- 
ceeded fixteen  miles  one  quarter  and  feventy  feven 
perches  farther  to  camp  No.  15.  and  halted  there 

one  day. 

Thursday 


Mi. 


60 


Hijlorical  Account  of 


Thursday  25.  They  marched  fix  miles,  one 
half  and  fixteen  perches  to  camp  No.  16,  fituated 
within  a  mile  of  the  Forks  of  Mufkingham ;  and 
this  place  was  fixed  upon  inftead  of  Wakautamike, 
as  the  moft  central  and  convenient  place  to  receive 
the  prifoners;  for  the  principal  Indian  towns  now 
lay  around  them,  diftant  from  feven  to  twenty 
miles;  excepting  only  the  lower  Shawanefe  town 
fituated  on  Scioto  river,  which  was  about  eighty 
miles;  fo  that  from  this  place  the  army  had  it  in 
their  power  to  awe  all  the  enemy's  fettlements  and 
deftroy  their  towns,  if  they  fhould  not  punctually 

fulfil  the  engagements  they  had  entered  into. 

Four  redoubts  were  built  here  oppofite  to  the  four 
angles  of  the  camp;  the  ground  in  the  front  was 
cleared,  a  ftore-houfe  for  the  provifions  ereded, 
and  likewife  a  houfe  to  receive,  and  treat  of  peace 
with,  the  Indians,  when  they  (hould  return.  Three 
houfes  with  feparate  apartments  were  alfo  raifed 
for  the  reception  of  the  captives  of  the  refpedive 
provinces,  and  proper  oflicers  appointed  to  take 
charge  of  them,  with  a  matron  to  attend  the  wo- 
men and  children ;  fo  that  with  the  officers  mefs 
houfes,  ovens,  &c.  this  camp  had  the  appearance 
of  a  little  town  in  which  the  greateft  order  and 
regularity  were  obferved. 


On 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


6i 


On  Saturday  27th.  A  meflenger  arrived  from 
king  Cuftaloga,  infc-ming  that  he  was  on  his  way 
with  his  prifoners,  and  alio  a  mefTenger  from  the 
lower  Shawanefe  towns  of  the  like  import.  The 
Colonel  however,  having  no  reafon  to  fufped  the 
latter  nation  of  backwardnefs,  fent  one  of  their 
own  people,  defiring  them  —  "  to  be  pundual  as 
"  to  the  time  fixed;  to  provide  a  fufficient  quantity 
"of  provifions  to  fubfift  the  prifoners;  to  bring 
"  the  letters  wrote  to  him  laft  winter  by  the  French 
"commandant  at  Fort  Chartres,  which  fome  of 
"their  people  had  (lopped  ever  fince ; "  adding 
that,  "  as  their  nation  had  expreffed  fome  un- 
"  eafinefs  at  our  not  fhaking  hands  with  them, 
"  they  were  to  know  that  the  Englifh  never  took 
"  their  enemies  by  the  hand,  before  peace  was 
"  finally  concluded." 

The  day  following,  the  Shawanefe  meflengir 
returned,  faying  that  when  he  had  proceeded  as 
far  as  Wakautamike,  the  chief  of  that  town  un- 
dertook to  proceed  with  the  meflage  himfelf, 
and  defired  ihe  other  to  return  and  acquaint 
the  F^nglifh  that  all  his  prifoners  were  ready, 
and  he  was  going  to  the  lower  towns  to  haften 
theirs. 


October 


62 


Hijlorkal  Account  of 


October  28th.  Peter  the  Caughnawaga  chief, 
and  twenty  Indians  of  that  nation  arrived  from 
Sandufki,  with  a  letter  from  Colonel  Bradftreet,  in 
anfwer  to  one  which  Colonel  Bouquet  had  fent  to 
him  from  Fort-Pitt,  by  two  of  the  Indians  who 
firft  fpoke  to  him  in  favour  of  the  Shawanefe,  as 
hath  been  already  mentioned.  The  fubftance  of 
Colonel  Bradftreet's  letter  was  '*that  he  had  fettled 
"  nothing  with  the  Shawanefe  and  Delawares,  nor 
•'  received  any  prifoners  from  them.  —  That  he 
'*  had  acquainted  all  the  Indian  nations,  as  far  as 
"the  Uinois,  the  bay,  &c.  with  the  inftrudions 
"  he  had  received  from  General  Gage,  refpeAing 
**  the  peace  he  had  lately  made ;  that  he  had  been 
*'  in  Sandufki-lake  and  up  the  river,  as  far  as 
"navigable  for  Indian  canoes,  for  near  a  month; 
"  but  that  he  found  it  impoflibie  to  ftay  longer  in 
"  thefe  parts ;  abfolute  neceflity  obliging  him  to 
"turn  off  the  other  way,"  &c. 

Colonel  Bradstreet,  without  doubt,  did  all 
which  circumftances  would  permit,  in  his  depart- 
ment ;  but  his  not  being  able  to  remain  at  San- 
dufki  agreeable  to  the  original  plan,  till  matters 
were  finally  fettled  with  the  Ohio  Indians,  would 
have  been  an  unfavourable  incident,  if  Colonel 
Bouquet  had   not  now  had  the  chiefs  of  fundry 

tribes 


kl 


I  III  iiipv  iinii  I 


i|   I.  |i    fill    II    III;  M  iTn^^— ^^^avr^^^^^^OTf 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


63 


tribes  with  him,  and  was  fo  far  advanced  into 
the  Indian  country,  that  they  thought  it  advife- 
able  to  fubmit  to  the  conditions  impofed  upon 
them. 

The  Caughnawagas  reported  that  the  Indians 
on  the  lakes  had  delivered  but  few  of  their  prif- 
oners ;  that  the  Ottawas  had  killed  a  great  part  of 
theirs,  and  the  other  nations  had  either  done  the 
fame,  or  elfe  kept  them. 

From  this  time  to  November  9th,  was  chiefly 
fpent  in  fending  and  receiving  mefTages  to  and 
from  the  Indian  towns,  relative  to  the  prifoners, 
who  were  now  coming  into  the  camp  one  day  after 
another  in  fmall  parties,  as  the  different  nations 
arrived  in  whofe  poffeflion  they  had  been.  The 
Colonel  kept  fo  ftedfaftly  to  this  article  of  having 
every  prifoner  delivered,  that  when  the  Delaware 
kings,  Beaver  and  Cuftaloga,  had  brought  in  all 
theirs  except  twelve,  which  they  promifed  to  bring 
in  a  few  days,  he  refufed  to  (hake  hands  or  have 
the  lead  talk  with  them,  while  a  fingle  captive 
remained  among  them. 


By  the  9th  of  November,  moft  of  the  prifoners 
were  arrived   that  could  be  expeded  this  feafon, 

amounting 


64 


Hijlorical  Account  of 


amounting  to  206  *  in  the  whole;  befides  about 
100  more  in  poflelfioa  of  the  Shawanefe,  which 
they  promifed  to  deliver  the  following  fpring. 
Mr.  Smallman,  formerly  a  major  in  the  Pennfyl- 
vania  troops,  who  had  been  taken  laft  fummer 
near  Detroit  by  the  Wyandots,  and  delivered  to 
the  Shawanefe,  was  among  the  number  of  thofe 
whom  they  now  brought  in,  and  informed  the 
Colonel  that  the  reafon  of  their  not  bringing  the 
remainder  of  their  prifoners,  was  that  many  of 
their  principal  men,  to  whom  they  belonged,  were 
gone  to  trade  with  the  French,  and  would  not 
return  for  fix  weeks  ;  but  that  every  one  of  their 
nation  who  were  at  home,  had  either  brought  or 
fent  theirs.  He  further  faid  that,  on  the  army's 
firft  coming  into  the  country,  it  had  been  reported 
among  the  Shawanefe  that  our  intention  was  to 
deftroy  them  all,  on  which  they  had  refolved  to 
kill  their  prifoners  and  fight  us  ;  that  a  French 
trader  who  was  with  them,  and  had  many  barrels 
of  powder  and  ball,  made  them  a  prefent  of  the 


*  Virginians  ....  Males,  32 

Females  and  Children,  58 

Pennfylvanians,     Males,  49 

Females  and  Children,  67 


1.. 


Iti  all     206 


whole, 


Colonvl  Bouf/uet's   F.xpedition' 


65 


whole,  as  loon  a>  they  had  coaie  to  tins  relolurion  ; 
b\it  that,  happily  for  the  poor  captives,  juft  as  rhe 
Shawanefe  were  preparitig  10  execute  ^his  tragedy, 
they  received  the  Colonel's  ttielTuge,  informing  rt.em 
that  his  intentions  were  only  to  receive  the  prif- 
oners  and  to  make  peace  with  them  on  the  fame 
terms  he  fhould  give  fo  the  Delaware's. 

On  this  intelligence  thev  fufpended  their  cruel 
purpofe,  and  began  to  collect  as  many  of  the  prif- 
oners  as  they  had  power  to  deliver;  but  hearing 
immediately  afterwards  that  one  of  our  foidiers 
had  been  killed  near  the  camp  at  MulVingham,  and 
that  fome  of  their  nation  were  fufpected  as  guilty 
of  the  murder,  thev  again  imagined  they  would 
fall  under  our  refentment,  and  therefore  determined 
once  more  to  tland  out  againft  us.  For  which 
purpofe,  after  having  brought  their  prifoners  as 
far  as  Wakautamike,  where  they  heard  this  news, 
they  colleded  them  all  into  a  field  and  were  going 
to  kill  them,  when  a  fecond  exprefs  providentially 
arrived  from  Colonel  Bouquet,  who  afTured  them 
that  their  nation  was  not  even  fufpeded  ol'  having 
any  concern  in  the  aforefaid  murder ;  upon  which 
they  proceeded  to  the  camp  to  deliver  up  the 
captives,  who  had  thus  twice  fo  narrowly  efcaped 
becoming  the  vi<flims  of  their  barbarity. 

On 


66 


Ilijioricai  /Iccount  of 


On  Friday,  November  9th,  the  Colonel,  at- 
tended by  moft  of  the  principal  officers,  went  to 
the  cont'erence-houfe.  The  Senecas  and  Delawares 
were  firft  treated  with.  Kiyaftiuta  and  ten  warriors 
reprefented  the  former.  Cul^aloga  and  twenty 
warriors  the  latter. 


KiYASHUTA    fpoke "With    this    ftring    of 

wampum,  we  wipe  the  tears  from  your  eyes  — 
we  deliver  you  thefe  three  prifoners,  which  are  the 
laft  of  your  flefh  and  blood  that  remained  among 
the  Senecas  and  Cuftaloga's  tribe  of  Delawares, 
we  gather  together  and  bury  with  this  beltf  all 
the  bones  of  the  people  that  have  been  killed 
during  this  unhappy  war,  which  the  Evil  Spirit 
occaiioned  among  us.  We  cover  the  bones  that 
have  been  buried,  that  they  may  never  more  be 
remembered  —  We  again  cover  their  place  with 
leaves  that  it  may  be  no  more  feen.  —  As  we 
have  been  long  aftray,  and  tl.e  path  between 
you  and  us  flopped,  we  extend  this  belt  that  it 
may  be  again  cleared,  and  we  may  travel  in 
peace  to  fee  our  brethren  as  our  anceltors  for- 
merly did.  While  you  hold  it  faft  by  one  end, 
and  we  by  the  other,  we  (hall  always  be  able  to 

t  A  belt  or  ftring  is  always  delivered  when  thus  mentioned. 

"difcover 


Colonel 'Bouquet's  Expedition. 


67 


^'difcover  any  thing  that  may  dirturb  our  friend- 
''ihip.'*  — 

The  Colonel  anfwered  t  >at  "he  had  heard  them 
"with  pleafure;  that  he  received  thefe  three  lall- 
"prifoners  they  had  to  deliver,  and  joined  in 
"burying  the  bones  of  thole  who  had  fallen  in 
"the  war,  fo  that  their  place  might  be  no  more 
"  k  ov^n.  The  peace  you  a(k  for,  you  fhall  now 
"  have.  The  king,  my  mailer  and  your  father, 
"has  appointed  me  only  to  make  war;  but  he  has 
"  other  fervants  who  are  employed  in  the  work  of 
"peace.  Sir  William  Johnfon  is  empowered  for 
"that  purpofe.  To  him  you  are  to  apply;  but 
"before  I  give  you  leave  to  go,  two  things  are  to 
"  be  fettled. 


1.  "As  peace  cannot  be  finally  concluded  here, 
"  you  will  deliver  me  two  hoftages  for  the  Senecas, 
"and  two  for  Cuftaloga's  tribe,  to  remain  in  our 
"hands  at  Fort  Pitt,  as  a  fecurity,  that  you  fhall 
"commit  no  further  hoftilities  or  violence  againft 
"any  of  his  majefty's  fubjeds ;  and  when  the 
"peace  is  concluded  thefe  hoftages  fhall  be  deliv- 
"  ered  fafe  back  to  you. 

2.  "The  deputies  you  are  to  fend  to  Sir  William 

"Johnfon, 


68 


Hijloricai  .Account  of 


"Johnfon,  muft  be  fully  empowered  to  treat  for 
"your  tribes,  and  you  ihall  engage  to  abide  by 
ever  they   ftipulate.      In   that    treaty,   every 


w 


hat 


"  thing  concerning  trade  and  other  matters  will  be 
"fettled  by  Sir  William,  to  render  the  peace  ever- 
"  lafting;  and  the  deputies  you  are  to  fend  to  him, 
"as  well  as  the  hoftages  to  be  delivered  to  me, 
"are  to  be  named  and  prefented  to  me  for  my 
"  approbation." 


The  Colonel,  after  promifing  to  deliver  back 
two  of  their  people,  Capt.  Pipe,  and  Capt.  John, 
whom  he  had  detained  at  F<'ort-Pitt,  took  he 
chiefs  by  the  hand  for  the  Hrft  time,  whicli  gave 
them  great  jo  v. 

The  next  conference  was  on  Novembei  loth, 
with  the  Turky  and  Turtle  tribes  of  Delawares, 
King  Beaver  their  chief  and  thirty  warriors  rep- 
refenting  the  former;  and  Kelappama  brother  to 
their  chief  '■'■  with  twenty-five  warriors  the  latter. 
The  Senecas  and  Cuftaloga's  tribe  of  Delawares 
were  alfo  prefent.  Their  fpeech  and  the  anfwer 
given,  were  much  the  fame  as  above;    excepting 


*  The  Chief  of  the  Turtle-tribe,  for  fomc   rcafon,  chofc  to 
abfent  hiinfelf. 


that 


Li 


Colonel  Bouquet' i  Expedition. 


69 


that  the  Colonel  infifted  on  their  delivering  up 
an  EnglilViman,  wlio  had  murdered  one  of  our 
people  on  the  frontiers  and  brought  the  fcalp  to 
them ;  and  that  they  fhould  appoint  the  fame 
number  of  deputie.  and  deliver  the  fame  number 
of  hoftages,  for  each  of  their  tribes,  as  had  been 
ftipulated  for  Cuftaloga's  tribe. 


November  11.  King  Beaver  prefented  fix  hoft- 
ages to  remain  with  Col.  Bouquet,  and  five 
deputies  to  treat  with  Sir  William  Johnfon,  who 
were  approved  of.  This  day  he  acquainted  the 
chiefs  prefent  that  as  he  had  great  reafon  to  be 
diflatisfitd  with  the  condud  of  Nettovvhatways, 
the  chief  of  the  Turtle  tribe  who  had  not  ap- 
peared, he  therefore  depofed  him;  and  that  tribe 
were  to  chufe  and  prefent  another  for  his  appro- 
baticj.  This  they  did  a  few  days  afterwards  — 
Smile  not,  reader,  at  this  tranfartion  ;  for  though 
it  may  not  be  attended  with  fo  many  fplendid  and 
flattering  circumftances  to  a  commander,  as  the 
depofing  an  Eaft  Indian  Nabob  or  chief;  yet  to 
penetrate  into  the  wilderneffes  where  thofe  ftern 
Weft  Indian  Chieftains  hold  their  fway,  and  to 
frown  them  from  their  throne;  though  but  com- 
pofed  of  the  unhewn  log,  will  be  found  to  require 
both  refolution  and  firmnefs ;  and  their  fubmitting 

to 


■■■■ 


70 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


to  it  clearly  fhews  to  what  degree  of  humiliation 
they  were  reduced. 

But  to  proceed.  The  Shawanefe  ftill  remained 
to  be  treated  with,  and  though  this  nation  faw 
themfelves  under  the  neceffity  of  yielding  to  the 
fame  conditions  with  the  other  tribes,  yet  there  had 
appeared  a  dilatorinefs  and  fullen  haughtinefs  in  all 
their  condud,  which  rendered  it  very  fufpicious. 

The  nth  of  November  was  appointed  for  the 
conference  with  them;  which  was  laanaged  on  their 
part  by  Keiffinautchtha  and  Nimwha  their  chiefs, 
with  the  Red  Hawke,  Laviflimo,  Benfivafica, 
E.weecunwee,  Keigleighque,  and  forty  warriors ; 
the  Caughnawaga,  Seneca  and  Delaware  chiefs, 
with  about  fixty  warriors,  being  alfo  prefent. 

The  Red  Hawke  was  their  fpeaker,  and  as  he 
delivered  himfelf  with  a  ftrange  mixture  of  fierce 
pride,  and  humble  fubmiflion,  I  fhall  add  a  paf- 
fage  or  two  from  his  fpeech. 


(( 


Brother, 

"  You  will  liften  to  us  your  younger  brothers  ; 
**  and  as  we  difcover  fomething  in  your  eyes  that 
"  looks  diflatisfadlion  with  us,  we  now  wipe  away 


(( 


every 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


71 


"every  thing  bad  between  us  that  you  may  clearly 
"fee  —  You  have  heard  many  bad  ftories  of  us  — 
"We  clean  vour  ears  that  vou  mav  hear  —  We 
"  remove  every  thing  bad  from  your  heart,  that 
"  it  may  be  like  the  heart  of  your  anceftors,  when 
"they  thought  of  nothing  but  good."  [Hcrt  he 
gave  a  firing.] 


1 


"  Brother  ;  when  we  faw  you  coming  this  road, 
"you  advanced  towards  us  with  a  tomahawk  in 
"  your  hand;  but  we  your  younger  brothers  take  it 
"  out  of  your  hands  and  throw  it  up  to  God  f  to 
"  difpofe  of  as  he  pleafes ;  by  which  means  we 
"  hope  never  to  fee  it  more.  And  now,  brother, 
"we  beg  leave  that  you  who  are  a  warrior,  will 
"take  hold  of  this  chain  (giving  a  ftring)  of 
"  friendfliip,  and  receive  it  from  us,  who  are  alfo 
"  warriors,  and  let  us  think  no  more  of  war,  in 
"pity  to  our  old  men,  women  and  children"  — 
Intimating,  by  this  laft  exprefllon,  that  it  was 
mere  compaflion  to  them,  and  not  inability  to 
fight,  that  made  their  nation  defire  peace. 


t  Their  ufual  figure  for  making  peace  is  burying  the  hatchet ; 
but  as  fuch  hatchets  may  be  dug  up  again,  perhaps  he  thought  this 
new  expreffion  of  "fending  it  up  to  God,  or  the  Good  Spirit," 
a  much  ftronger  emblem  of  the  permanency  and  ftedfaftnefs  of 
the  peace  now  to  be  made. 

He 


72 


Hiftorical  Account  of 


He  then  produced  a  treaty  held  with  the  gov- 
ernment of  Pennfylvania  1701,  and  three  meflages 
or  letters  from  that  government  of  different  dates  , 
and  concluded  thus  — 

"  Now,  Brother,  I  beg  We  who  are  warriors 
"  may  forget  our  difputes,  and  renew  the  friend- 
"  fhip  which  appears  by  thefe  papers  to  have  fub- 
**  fifted  between  our  fathers."  —  He  promifed,  in 
behalf  of  the  reft  of  their  nation,  who  were  gone 
to  a  great  diftance  to  hunt,  and  could  not  have 
notice  to  attend  the  treaty,  that  they  fhould  cer- 
tainly come  to  Fort-Pitt  in  the  fpring,  and  bring 
the  remainder  of  the  prifoners  with  them. 

As  the  feafon  was  far  advanced,  and  the  Colonel 
could  not  ftay  long  in  thefe  remote  parts,  he  was 
obliged  to  reft  fatisfied  with  the  prifoners  the  Sha- 
wanefe  had  brought ;  taking  hoftages,  and  laying 
them  under  the  ftrongeft  obligations,  for  the  de- 
livery of  the  reft ;  knowing  that  no  other  efFedual 
method  could  at  prefent  be  purfued. 

He  expoftulated  with  them  on  account  of  their 
paft  condud,  and  told  them — "^  that  the  fpeech 
*'  they  had  delivered  would  have  been  agreeable  to 
"  him,  if  their  adtions  had  correfponded  with  their 

*'  words. 


1 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


73 


I 


words.  You  have  fpolcen,  faid  he,  much  of 
peace,  but  have  negleded  to  comply  with  the 
only  condition,  upon  which  you  can  obtain  it. 
Keiffinautchtha,  one  of  your  chiefs,  met  me  a 
month  ago  at  Tufcarawas,  and  accepted  the  fame 
terms  of  peace  for  your  nation,  that  were  pre- 
fcribed  to  the  Senecas  and  Deiawares ;  promifing 
in  cen  days  from  that  time  to  meet  me  here  with 
all  your  prifoners  —  After  waiting  for  you  til! 
now,  you  are  come  at  laft,  only  with  a  part  of 
them,  and  propofe  putting  off  the  delivery  of 
the  reft  till  the  fpring. — What  right  have  you 
to  expe<ft  different  terms  from  thofe  granted  to 
the  Deiawares,  &c.  who  have  given  me  entire 
ratisfa(5tion  by  their   ready  fubmiffion   to   every 

thing  required  of  them  ? But  I  will  cut  this 

matter  ftiort  with  you ;  and  before  I  explain 
myfelf  further,  I  infift  on  your  immediate  anfwer 
to  the  following  queftions  — 


I  ft.  "Will  you  forthwith  colled  and  deliver  up 
"all  the  prifoners  yet  in  your  pofleflion,  and  the 
**  French  living  among  you,  with  all  the  Negroes 
"  you  have  taken  from  us  in  this  or  any  other 
"war;  and  that  without  any  exception  or  evafion 
"  whatfoever  ? " 


2d.  "Will 


74 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


2d.  "  Will  you  deliver  fix  hoftages  into  my 
'*  hands  as  a  fecurity  for  your  pundual  perform- 
"  ance  of  the  above  article,  and  t-hat  your  nations 

"  lliall   commit    no    farther   hoftiiities   againft   the 
"  perfons  or  property  of  his  majefty's  fubjeds?" 


(( 

(( 

C( 


Benevissico  replied  that  "they  agreed  to  give 
the  hoftages  required,  and  faid  that  he  himfelf 
would  immediately  return  to  their  lower  towns 
and  colled  all  our  fleih  and  blood  that  remained 
among  them,  and  that  we  ihould  fee  t^  m  at 
Fort-Pittfas  foon  as  poflible.  —  That,  as  to  the 
i<""rench,  they  had  no  power  over  them.  They 
were  fubjeds  to  the  king  of  England.  We 
might  do  with  them  what  we  pleafed ;  though 
he  believed  they  were  all  returned  before  this 
time  to  their  own  country."  — 


. 


They  then  delivered  their  hoftages,  and  the 
Colonel  told  them  "  that  though  he  had  brought 
"a  Tomahawk  in  his  hand,  yet  as  they  had  now 
'*  fubmitted,  he  would  not  let  it  fall  on  their  heads, 
"  but  let  it  drop  to  the  ground,  no  more  to  be 
**feen.     He  exhorted  them  to  exercife  kindnefs  to 


t  It  will  appear,  by  the  poftfcript  to   this  account,  that  the 
Shawanefe  have  fulfilled  this  engagement. 

"  the 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


IS 


"  the  captives,  and  look  upon  them  now  as  brothers 
"  and  no  longer  prifoners  ;  adding,  that  he  intended 
"  to  fend  fome  of  their  relations  along  with  the 
**  Indians,  to  fee  their  friends  colleded  and  brought 
*•  to  Fort-Pitt.  He  promifed  to  give  them  letters 
*•  to  Sir  William  Johnfon,  to  facilitate  a  final 
"peace,  and  defired  them  to  be  ftrong  in  perform- 
'*  ing  every  thing  ftipulated." 

The  Caughnawagas,  the  Delawares  and  Senecas, 
feverally  addrefTed  the  Shawanefe,  as  grandchildren 
and  nephews,  *'  to  perform  their  promifes,  and  to 
"be  ftrong  in  doing  good,  that  this  peace  might 
"  be  everlafting."  — 

And  here  I  am  to  enter  on  a  fcene,  referved  on 
purpofe  for  this  place,  that  the  thread  of  the 
foregoing  narrative  might  not  be  interrupted — 
a  fcene,  which  language  indeed  can  but  weakly 
defcribe  ;  and  to  which  the  Poet  or  Painter  might 
have  repaired  to  enrich  their  higheft  colourings  of 
the  variety  of  human  paflions;  the  Philofopher 
to  find  ample  fubjed  for  his  moft  ferious  reflec- 
tions; and  the  Man  to  exercife  all  the  tender  and 
fympathetic  feelings  of  the  foul. 


The    fcene    I    mean,    was    the    arrival    of   the 

prifoners 


76 


Hijlorical  Account  of 


prifoners  in  the  camp ;  where  were  to  be  feen 
fathers  and  mothers  recognizing  and  clafping  their 
once-loft  babes;  hufbands  hanging  round  the  necks 
of  their  newly-recovered  wives;  fifters  and  brothers 
unexpedlediy  meeting  together  after  long  fepa- 
ration,  fcarce  able  to  fpeak  the  fame  language,  or, 
for  fome  time,  to  be  fure  that  they  were  children 
of  the  fame  parents!  In  all  thefe  interviews,  joy 
and  rapture  inexpreflible  were  feen,  while  feelings 
of  a  very  different  nature  were  painted  in  the 
looks  of  others;  —  flying  from  place  to  place  in 
eager  enquiries  after  relatives  not  found!  tremb- 
ling to  receive  an  anfwer  to  their  queftions!  dif- 
tradled  with  doubts,  hopes  and  fears,  on  obtain- 
ing no  account  oi  thofe  they  fought  for !  or 
ftifFened  into  living  monuments  of  horror  and 
woe,  on  learning  their  unhappy  fate ! 


The  Indians  too,  as  if  wholly  forgetting  their 
ufual  favagenefs,  bore  a  capital  part  in  heightening 
this  moft  afFeding  fcene.  They  delivered  up  their 
beloved  captives  with  the  utmoft  reluiftance ;  ftied 
torrents  of  tears  over  them,  recommending  them 
to  the  care  and  protection  of  the  commanding 
officer.  Their  regard  to  them  continued  all  the 
time  they  remained  in  camp.  They  vifited  them 
from  day  to  day;  and  brought  them  what  corn, 

fkins, 


Wi  rmn,,, 


mmm 


Colonel  Bouquet* s  Expedition. 


11 


flcins,  horfes  and  other  matters,  they  had  beftowed 
on  them,  while  in  their  families;  accompanied  with 
other  prefents,  and  all  the  marks  of  the  mod 
fincere  and  tender  affeftion.  Nay,  they  did  not 
ftop  here,  but,  when  the  army  marched,  fome  of 
the  Indians  folicited  and  obtained  leave  to  accom- 
pany their  former  captives  all  the  way  to  Fort- 
Pitt,  and  employed  themfelves  in  hunting  and 
bringing  provifions  for  them  on  the  road.  A 
young  Mingo  carried  this  ftill  further,  and  gave 
an  inftance  of  love  which  would  make  a  figure 
even  in  romance.  A  young  woman  of  Virginia 
was  among  the  captives,  to  whom  he  had  formed 
fo  ftrong  an  attachment,  as  to  call  her  his  wife. 
Againft  all  remonftrances  of  the  imminent  danger 
to  which  he  expofed  himfeif  by  approaching  to 
the  frontiers,  he  perftfted  in  following  her,  at  the 
rifk  of  being  killed  by  the  furviving  relations  of 
many  unfortunate  perfons,  who  had  been  capti- 
vated or  fcalped  by  thofe  of  his  nation. 


Those  qualities  in  favages  challenge  our  juft 
efteem.  They  fhould  make  us  charitably  confider 
their  barbarities  as  the  effeds  of  wrong  education, 
and  falfe  notions  of  bravery  and  heroifm;  while  we 
fhould  look  on  their  virtues  as  fure  marks  that 
nature  has  made  them  fit  fubjeds  of  cultivation 

as 


il*'^l;' 


78 


Hijtortcal  Account  of 


as  well  as  us  ;  and  that  we  are  called  by  our  fupe 
rior  advantages  to  yield  them  all  the  helps  we 
can  in  this  way.  Cruel  and  unniercitul  as  they 
are,  by  habit  and  long  example,  in  war,  yet  when- 
ever they  tome  to  give  way  to  the  native  didates 
of  humanity,  they  exercife  virtues  which  Chriftians 
need  not  blufti  to  imitate.  When  they  once  de- 
termine to  give  life,  they  give  every  thing  with  it, 
which,  in  their  apprehenfion,  belongs,  lo  it.  From 
every  enquiry  that  has  been  made,  it  appears  — 
that  no  woman  thus  faved  is  prelerved  from  bafe 
motives,  or  need  fear  the  violation  of  her  honour. 
No  child  is  otherwife  treated  by  the  perfons  adopt- 
ing it  than  the  children  of  their  own  body.  The 
perpetvial  flavery  of  thofe  captivated  in  war,  is  a 
notion  which  even  their  barbarity  has  not  yet  fug- 
gelled  to  them.  Every  captive  whom  their  affec- 
tion, their  caprice,  or  whatever  elfe,  leads  them  to 
fave,  is  foon  incorporated  with  them,  and  fares 
alike  with  themfelves. 


These  inftances  of  Indian  tendernefs  and  hu- 
manity were  thought  worthy  of  particular  notice. 
The  like  inftances  among  our  own  people  will  not 
feem  ftrange ;  and  therefore  I  fhail  only  mention 
one,  out  of  a  multitude  that  might  be  given  on 
this  occafion. 

Among 


w*-*- 


"•■xaaMaaawnn  xinxt 


/M* 


\l 


^^>^^*-''^- 


It 


Colonel  Bourjuet's  Expedition. 


79 


Among  the  captives,  a  wc»man  was  brought  into 
the  camp  at  Mufkinghain,  with  a  hahe  about  three 
months  old  at  her  breaft.  One  of  the  Virginia- 
volunteers  Toon  knew  her  to  be  his  wife,  who  had 
been  taken  by  the  Indians  about  fix  months  before. 
She  was  im mediate! v  delivered  to  her  overjoyed 
hufband.  He  flew  with  her  to  his  rent,  and 
doathed  her  and  his  child  in  proper  apparel.  Hut 
their  ]<.'  after  the  f\\\\  tranfports,  was  foon 
damped  by  the  reflertion  that  another  dear  child 
of  about  two  years  old,  captivated  with  the 
mother,  and  feparated  from  her,  was  ftill  mirting, 
altho'  many  children  had  been  brought  in. 


A  FEW  days  afterwards,  a  number  of  other 
prifoners  were  brought  to  the  camp,  among  whom 
were  feveral  more  children.  The  woman  was  fent 
for,  and  one,  fuppofed  to  be  hers,  was  produced  to 
her.  At  firft  fight  fhe  was  uncertain,  but  viewing 
the  child  with  great  earneftnefs,  fhe  foon  recolledled 
its  features;  and  was  fo  overcome  with  joy,  that 
literally  forgetting  her  fucking  child  fhe  dropt  it 
from  her  arms,  and  catching  up  the  new  found  child 
i  1  an  extafy,  prefled  it  to  her  breaft,  and  burfting 
i  »to  tears  carried  it  ofi^,  unable  to  fpeak  for  joy. 
Tie  father  feizing  up  the  babe  fhe  had  let  fall, 
fc  lowed  her  in  no  lefs  tranfport  and  affedion. 

Among 


/ne^  CTt^Ui^  C^^/it^^J  /p/t^4P^t^/^&€t^/4i/] 


yfte^fl/f, 


f^e  -^-n^JVtfrtlbjdfftienca.^ft^  ylm^r-/'. 


4^64 


■rob!  CLARKE  t  CO.  TuMteh«M  .CINCINNATI 


Am.Photo-LUhoJraphlo  Co  NY  (0«borne'sProceil) 


.Vi'l!...Ki,V:*i^'.,'»l(' 


^,,i^Wal^'■t^^^-^■'^^''.g':J»'^:|l!^>!W.'''l^^i'' 


iwi;"^'W»'Ww»wriwii--mwai 


80 


Ilijlorical  Account  of 


Among  the  children  who  had  been  carried  oif 
young,  and  had  long  lived  with  the  Indians,  it  is 
not  to  be  expeded  that  any  marks  of  joy  would 
appear  on  being  reftored  to  their  parents  or  rela- 
tives. Having  been  accuftomed  to  look  upon  the 
Indians  as  the  only  connexions  they  had,  having 
been  tenderly  treated  by  them,  and  Ipeaking  their 
language,  it  is  no  wonder  that  they  coniidered 
their  new  ftate  in  the  light  of  a  captivity,  and 
parted  from  the  favages  v/ith  tears. 

But  it  muft  not  be  denied  that  there  were  even 
fome  grown  perfons  who  (hewed  an  unwiilmgnefs  to 
return.  The  Shawanefe  were  obliged  to  bind  fev- 
eral  of  their  prifoners  and  force  them  along  to  the 
camp;  and  fome  women,  who  had  been  delivered 
up,  afterwards  found  means  to  efcape  and  run 
back  to  the  Indian  towns.  Some,  who  could  not 
make  their  efcape,  clung  to  their  favage  acquaint- 
ance at  parting,  and  continued  many  days  in  bitter 
lamentations,  even  refuftng  fuftenance. 


For  the  honour  of  humanity,  we  would  fuppofe 
thofe  perfons  to  have  been  of  the  loweft  rank, 
either  bred  up  in  ignorance  and  diftrefling  penury, 
or  who  had  lived  fo  long  with  the  Indians  as  to 
forget  all  their  former  conned:ions.     For,  eafy  and 

unconftrained 


in  nii»i-Wi>i  1^1— — »■' 


WWlyrii  "^ti'T'-"r    '• !■    .■  I..T  li  mm    itiiiiii..! 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


8i 


unconftrained  as  the  fayage  life  is,  certainly  it  could 
never  be  put  in  competition  with  the  bleffings  of 
improved  life  and  the  light  of  religion,  by  any 
perfons  who  have  had  the  happinefs  of  enjoying, 
and  the  capacity  of  difcerning,  them. 

Every  thing  being  now  fettled  with  the  Indians, 
the  army  decamped  on  Sunday  i8th  November, 
and  marched  for  Fort-Pitt,  where  it  arrived  on  the 
28th.  The  regular  troops  were  immediately  fent 
to  garrifon  the  different  polls  on  the  communi- 
cation, and  the  provincial  troops,  with  the  cap- 
tives, to  their  feveral  provinces.  Here  ended  this 
expedition,  in  which  it  is  remarkable  that,  not- 
withftanding  the  many  difficulties  attending  it, 
the  troops  were  never  in  want  of  any  neceflaries; 
continuing  perfectly  healthy  during  ""e  whole 
campaign;  in  which  no  life  w^s  loft,  except  the  man 
mentioned  to  have  been  killed  at  Mulkingham. 


In  the  beginning  of  January  1765,  Colonel 
Bouquet  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  receiving,  where- 
ever  he  came,  every  polfible  mark  of  gratitude 
and  efteem  from  the  people  in  general;  and  partic- 
ularly from  the  overjoyed  relations  of  the  captives, 
whom  he  had  fo  happily,  and  without  bloodfhed, 
reftored   to  their  country  and   friends.      Nor  was 

the 


^■1- I'ateiiitiliiiMiii ■rijiiiTiiMixniijtfeiWi'^i  :■'" 


ri;vfMrlilBiii»    Vfc^>t«itirnir,ia'fiiriilt;i,;iia«itoii.l,T»;,tfnifitiriV'»itilft''ii>  ^ 


82 


Hijlorical  Account  of 


the  legiflative  part  of  the  provinces  lefs  fenfible  of 
his  important  fervices.     The  alTembly  of  Pennfyl 
vania,  at  their  firft  fitting,  unanimoufly  voted  hiui 
the  following  addrefs. 

In  ASSEMBLY,  January  15,  1765,  A.  M. 

To  v,i         lourable  HENRY  BOUQUET,  Efq; 

Commander  in  Chief  of  His  M  A  J  E  S  T  Y's 

Forces  in  the  Southern  Department 

of  AMERICA, 

The  Addrefs  of  the  Reprefentatives  of  the  Free- 
men of  the  Province  of  Pennfylvania,  in 
General  Affembly  met. 


SIR, 

TH  E  reprefentatives  of  the  freemen  of  the 
province  of  Pennfylvania,  in  general  affem- 
bly met,  being  informed  that  you  intend  ftiortly 
to  embark  for  England,  and  moved  with  a  due 
fenfe  of  the  important  fervices  you  have  rendered 
to  his  majefty,  his  northern  colonies  in  general, 
and  to  this  province  in  particular,  during  our 
late  wars  with  the  French  and  barbarous  Indians, 
in  the  remarkable  vidory  over  the  favage  enemy, 
united  to  oppofe  you,  near  Bufhy-Run,  in  Auguft 

*  1763, 


^? 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


83 


'  1 763,  when  on  your  march  for  the  relief  of  Pitts- 
*burg,  owing,  under  God,  to  your  intrepidity 
'and  fuperior  flcill  in  command,  together  with  the 
•bravery  of  your  officers  and  little  army;  as  alfb 
'  in  your  late  march  to  the  country  of  the  fava^e 

*  nations,  with  the  troops  under  your  diredion  ; 
'thereby    ftriking    terror    through    the    numerous 

*  Indian  tribes  around  you;  laying  a  foundation 
'for  a  lafting  as  well  as  honourable  peace  with 
'them;  and  refcuing,  from  favage  captivity,  up- 
'  wards  of  two  hundred  of  our  chriftian  brethren, 
'prifoners  among  them:  thefe  eminent  fervices, 
'and  your  conftant  attention  to  the  civil  rights  of 
'his  majefty's  fubjeds  in  this  province,  demand, 
'  Sir,  the  grateful  tributt  of  thanks  from  all  good 
'men  ;  and  therefore  we,  the  reprefentatives  of  the 
'freemen  of  Pennfylvania,  unanimoufly  for  our- 
'felves,  and  in  behalf  of  all  the  people  of  this 
'province,  do  return  you  our  moft  fincere  and 
'  hearty  thanks  for  thefe  your  great  fervices,  wifh- 
'ing  you  a  fafe  and  pleafant  voyage  to  England, 
'with  a  kind  and  gracious  reception  frojn  his 
'  majefty. 

'Signed,  by  order  of  the  Houfe, 

'JOSEPH  FOX,  Speaker.' 


The 


84 


Hijlorkal  .'Account  of 


The  Coloners  Anfwer  was  as  follows,  viz. 

To  the  Honourable  the  Representatives  of  the 
Freemen  of  the  province  of  Pennfyivania, 
in  General  Aflemblv  met. 

*  Gentlemen, 

WI  T  H  a  heart  imprefled  with  the  moft 
lively  fenfe  of  gratitude,  I  return  you  my 
humble  and  fincere  thanks,  for  the  honour  you 
have  done  me  in  your  polite  addrefs  of  the  15th 
or  January,  tranfmitted  me  to  New- York  by 
vour  fpeaker. 


*  Next  to  the  approbation  of  His  Sacred  Maj- 

*  efty,   and   my  fuperiour"  officers,    nothing  could 

*  afford  iue  higher  pleafure  than  your  favour- 
'  able  opinion  of  my  condud,  in  the  difcharge  of 
'  thcfe  military  commands  with  which  I  have  been 

*  intrufted. 


*  Gratitude  as  well   as  juilice  demand  of  me 

*  to  acknowlege,  that  the  aids  granted  by  the  leg- 
'  iflature  of  this  province,  and  the  conftant  affift- 
'  ance  and  fupport  afforded  me  by  the  honourable 

*  the    Governor    and    Commiffioners    in    the    late 

*  expedition,  have  enabled  me  to  recover  fo  many 
'  of  his  Majefty's  fubjeds  from  a  cruel  capdvity, 

*and 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition. 


85 


'and  be  the  happy  inftrument  of  reftorlnt^  them 
'to  freedom  and  liberty:  To  ycu  therefore,  gen- 
'tlemen,  is  the  greater  fh?re  of  that  merit  due, 
'  which  you  are  generoufly  pleafed  on  this  occafion 
'  to  impute  to  my  fervices. 

'  Your  kind  teftimony  of  my  conftant  attention 
'to  the  civil  rights  of  his  majefty's  fubjeds  in  this 
'  Province,  does  me  finguJar  honour,  and  calls  for 

*  the  return  of  my  warmeft  acknowledgments. 

'Permit  me  to  take  this  public  oppor  unity  of 
'doing  juftice  to  the  officers  of  the  regular  and 
'provincial  troops,  and  the  volunteers,  who  have 

*  ferved  with  me,  by  declaring  that,  under  Divine 
'  Providence,  the  repeated  fuccefles  of  his  Majefty's 
'arms  againft  a  favage  enemy,  are  principally  to  be 
'afcribed  to  their  courage  and  refolution,  and  to 
'  their    perfeverance   under    the  fevereft  hardlliips 

*  and  fatigue. 


'  I  SINCERELY  wifh  profperity  and  happinefs  to 
'  the  province,  and  have  the  honour  to  be,  with 
*  the  greateft  refped,  Gentlemen, 

'  Your  moft  obedient,  and  moft  humble  fervant, 


'HENRY  BOU(2UET.' 


February  4,  1765. 


Soon 


86 


Hijiorical  Account  of 


Soon  afterwards  the  Colonel  received  a  very 
polite  and  afFedlionate  letter  from  Governor  Fau- 
quier, dated  25th  of  December,  inclofing  refolves 
of  the  honourable  members  of  his  Majefty's  Coun- 
cil, and  of  the  houfe  of  Burged'es,  for  the  colony 
and  dominion  of  Virginia. 

Those  refpedable  bodies  unanimoufly  returned 
their  thanks  to  him  for  the  adivity,  fpirit  and 
zeal,  with  which  he  had  reduced  the  Indians  to 
terms  of  peace,  and  compelled  thofe  favages  to 
deliver  up  fo  many  of  his  Majefty's  fubjeds  whom 
they  had  in  captivity.  They  further  requefted  the 
Governor  to  recommend  him  to  his  Majefty's 
minifters,  as  an  officer  of  diftinguiftied  merit,  in 
this  and  every  former  fervice  in  which  he  has  been 
engaged. 

The  Colo;  el,  in  his  anfwer,  acknowledged  the 
ready  afliftance  and  countenance  which  he  had 
always  received  from  the  Governor  and  colony 
of  Virginia  in  carrying  on  the  King's  fervice ; 
and  mentioned  his  particular  obligations  to  Col. 
Lewis,  for  his  zeal  and  good  conduft  during  the 
campaign. 


The  honours  thus  beftowed  on  him,   his  own 

modefty 


-^ 


Colonel  Bouquet^ s  Expedition. 


87 


rnodefty  made  him  defirous  of  transferring  to  the 
officers  and  army  under  his  command;  and  indeed 
the  mutual  confidence  and  harmony  fubfifting 
between  him  and  the-i,  highly  redound  to  the 
reputation  of  both.  He  has  taken  every  occafion 
of  doing  juftice  to  the  pa'-ticular  merit  of  Colonel 
Reii)  who  was  fecond  in  command  ;  and  alfo  to  all 
the  officers  who  ferved  in  the  expedition,  regulars 
as  well  as  provincials  '\'. 


The  reader  will  obferve  that  the  public  bodies 
who  prefented  thefe  addrcfles  to  the  Colonel,  not 
only  wifhed  to  exprefs  their  own  gratitude,  but 
likewife  to  be  inftrumental  in  recommending  him 
to  the  advancement  his  fervices  mented.  And 
furely  it  is  a  happy  circumilance  to  obtain  promo- 
tion, not  only  unenvied,  but  even  with  the  general 
approbation  and  good  wifhes,  of  the  public.  It 
ought,  however,  to  be  mentioned,  that  on  the  firft 
account  his  Majefty  received  of  this  expedition, 
and  long  before  thofe  teftimonies  could  reach  Eng- 
land, he  was  gracioufly  pleafed  of  his  own  royal 
goodnefs  and  as  a  reward  of  the  Colonel's  merit, 
to  promote  him  to  the  rank  of  Brigadier  Gen- 


t  The   Pennlylvania  troops  were  commanded  by  Lieutenant 
Colonel  Francis,  and  Lieutenant  Colonel  Clayton. 


ERAL 


88 


Hijhrical  Account  of 


ERAL,  and  to  the  command  of  the  fouthern  diftrid 
of  America.  And  as  he  is  rendered  as  dear,  by 
his  private  virtues,  to  thofe  who  have  the  honour 
of  his  more  intimate  acquaintance,  as  he  is  by 
his  military  fervices  to  the  public,  it  is  hoped  he 
may  long  continue  among  us ;  where  his  expe- 
rienced abilities  will  enable  him,  and  his  love  of 
the  Englifti  conftitution  entitle  him,  to  fill  any 
future  truft  to  which  his  Majefty  mav  be  pleafed 
to  call  him. 


POSTSCRI  PT. 

IT  was  mentioned  in  the  jid  page  of  this 
account,  that  the  Shawanefe  brought  only  a 
part  of  their  prifoners  with  them  to  Col.  Bouquet 
at  Mufkingham,  in  November  lad;  and  that,  as 
the  feafon  was  far  advanced,  he  was  obliged  to  reft 
fatisfied  with  taking  hoftages  for  the  delivery  of 
the  remainder  at  Fort-Pitt,  in  the  enfuing  fpring. 


The  efcape  of  thofe  hoftages  foon  afterwards, 
as  well  as  the  former  equivocal  condud  of  their 
nation,  had  given  reafon  to  doubt  the  fmcerity 
of  their  intentions  with  refpedl  to  the  performance 

of 


Colonel  Bouquet's  Expedition.  89 

of  their  proniiles.  But  we  have  the  fatisfadion  to 
find  that  they  pundually  have  fulfilled  them.  Ten 
of  their  chiefs,  and  about  fifty  of  their  warriors, 
attended  with  many  of  their  women  and  children, 
met  George  Croghan,  Efq  ;  deputy  agent  to  Sir 
William  Johnson,  at  Fort- Pitt,  the  9th  of  lall 
May  ;  together  with  a  large  body  of  Delawares, 
Senecas,  Sandufky  and  Munfy  Indians;  where  they 
delivered  the  remainder  of  their  prifoners,  bright- 
ened the  chain  of  friendfhip,  and  gave  every 
afTurance  of  their  firm  intentions  to  preierve  the 
peace  inviolable  for  ever. 

There  is  fomething  remarkable  in  the  appella- 
tion they  gave  to  the  EnglilTi  on  this  occa.'ion  ; 
calling  them  Fathers  inftead  of  Brethren. 

Lawaugh^ua,  the  Shawanefe  fpeaker,  delivered 
himfelf  in  the  following  terms. 

"Fathers,  for  fo  we  will  call  you  henceforward; 
**  liften  to  what  we  are  going  to  fay  to  vou. 

"  It  gave  us  great  pleafure  yefterday  to  be  called 
"the  children  of  the  great  King  of  England;  and 
''convinces  us  your  intentions  towards  us  are 
"  upright,  as  we  know  a  Father  will  be  tender  of 

'*  his 


iMttMH^ 


90 


P  oft  script. 


*'  his  children,  and  they  are  mot'*  ready  to  obey 
"  him  than  a  Brother.  Therefore  we  hope  our 
'*  Father  will  now  take  better  care  of  his  children, 
"than  has  heretofore  been  done. 

"You  put  us  ill  mind  of  our  promife  to  Col. 
"Bouquet;  which  was  to  bring  your  flefh  and 
"blood  to  be  delivered  at  this  place.  Father, 
"you  have  not  fpoke  in  vain  —  you  fee  we  have 
"  brought  them  with  us,  —  except  a  few  that  were 
"out  with  our  hunting  parties,  which  will  be 
"brought  here  as  foon  as  they  return. 

"Thev  have  been  all  united  to  vis  by  adoption; 
"  and  altho'  we  now  deliver  them  up  to  you,  we 
"will  always  look  upon  them  as  our  relations, 
"whenever  the  Great  Spirit  is  pleafed  that  we  may 
"  vifit  them. 


"  Father,  We  have  taken  as  much  care  of  them, 
*'as  if  they  were  our  own  flefh  and  blood.  They 
"  are  now  become  unacquainted  with  your  cuftoms 
"and  manners;  and  therefore,  we  requeft  you  will 
"  ufe  them  tenderly  and  kindly,  which  will  induce 
"  them  to  live  contentedly  with  you. 

"Here  is  a  belt  with  the  figure  of  ou.-  Father 

"the 


Pojhcript. 


9> 


"the  King  of  (jreut-Britain  at  one  end,  and  the 
*'  Chief  of  our  nation  at  the  other.  It  reprefents 
"them  holding  the  chain  of  friendfhip  ;  and  we 
"  hope  neither  fide  will  flip  their  hands  from  it,  fo 
"  long  as  the  Sun  and  Moon  give  liirht." 

The  reader  will  further  remember  that  one  of 
the  engagements  which  the  difterent  Indian  Tribes 
entered  into  with  Colonel  Bouquet,  was  to  fend 
deputies  to  conclude  a  peace  with  Sir  William 
Johnson.  This  has  alfo  been  pundually  fulfilled; 
and  we  are  affured  that  Sir  Willi.\m  "has  finiihed 
"  his  congrefs  greatly  to  his  fatisfadtion,  and  even 
"  beyond  his  expedations."  Thus  everv  good 
confequence  has  enfued  from  this  important  ex- 
pedition, which  our  fondeft  wiflies  could  have 
induced  us  to  exped  from  the  known  valour  and 
fpirit  of  the  able  commander  who  had  the  condud 
of  it;  and  we  now  have  the  pleafure  once  more  to 
behold  the  temple  of  Janus  ftiut,  in  this  weftern 
world  ! 


REFLECTIONS 


ON  THE 


WAR    WITH    1'  H  E    SAVAGES    O  F 
NORTH-AMERICA. 


THE  long  continued  ravages  ot  the  Indians 
on  the  frontiers  of  the  Britifh  colonies  in 
America,  and  the  fatal  overthrows  which  they 
have  Ibmetimes  given  our  beft  difciplined  troops, 
efpecially  in  the  beginning  of  the  late  war,  have 
rendered  them  an  objed  of  our  confideration,  even 
in  their  military  capacity.  And  as  but  few  offi- 
cers, who  may  he  employed  aijainft  thtm,  can  have 
opportunities  t(~  obferve  the  true  caul'es  of  their 
advantages  over  European  troops  in  the  woods,  it 
is  with  the  utmoft  pleafure  that  I  now  proceed  to 
lay  before  the  public  the  following  valuable  papers, 
which  I   mentionedf  to  have  been  communicated 


f  See  ihe  introduftion. 


to 


tfii$Ui'i»«ipfa  Wtl  iiiiifritUw 


94 


Reflections  on  the  IVar 


to   me   by   an   officer  of   great  abilities  ana   long 
experience,  in  our  wars  with  the  Indians. 

As  icarce  any  Jiing  has  yet  been  pubiiftied  on  a 
fubjea  now  become  of  the  higheil  importance  §  to 
our  colonies,  thefe  papers  will  undoub'  "y  he  an 
acceptable  prefent  to  the  reader,  and  the  remarks 
contained  in  them  may  be  more  and  more  im- 
proved by  the  future  care  and  attention  of  able 
men,  till  perhaps  a  compleat  fyftem  is  at  length 
formed  for  the  condud  of  this  particular  fpecies  of 
war. 


§It  will  appear  by  the  account  of  Indian  tribes  and  town* 
annexed  to  thefe  papers,  that  rhe  enemies  we  have  to  deal  with 
are  neither  contemptible  in  numbers  or  Itrength. 


s  fc;  C  T  I  O  N 


'^ 


JVith  the  Savages  of  North  America.  95 


SECTION     L 

OF   TWE   TEMPER  AND  GENIUS  OF    THE    InDIANS, 

The  love  of  liberty  is  innate  in  the  favage;  and 
feems  the  ruling  paflion  of  the  ftate  of  nature. 
His  defires  and  wants,  being  few,  are  eafily  grati- 
fied, and  leave  him  much  time  to  fpare,  which  he 
would  fpend  in  idlenefs,  if  hunger  did  not  force 
him  to  hunt.  That  exercife  makes  him  ftrong, 
adive  and  bold,  raifes  his  courage,  and  fits  him 
for  war,  in  which  he  ufes  the  fame  ftratagems  and 
cruelty  as  againfl  the  wild  beafts;  making  no 
fcruple  to  employ  treachery  and  perfidy  to  van- 
quifh  his  enemy. 

Jealous  of  his  independency  and  of  his  prop- 
erty, he  will  not  fuffer  the  leaft  encroachment  on 
either;  and  upon  the  flighted  fufpicion,  fired  with 
refentment,  he  becomes  an  implacable  enemy,  and 
flies  to  arms  to  vindicate  his  right,  or  revenge  an 
injury. 


The 


9« 


RefleSlions  on  the  War 


The  advantages  of  thefe  favages  over  civilized 
nations  are  both  natural  and  acquired.  Thev  are 
tall  and  well  limbed,  remarkable  tor  their  activity, 
and  have  a  piercing  eye  and  quick  ear,  which  are 
or  great  (ervice  to  them  in  the  woods. 

Like  beafts  of  prey,  they  are  patient,  deceitful, 
and  rendered  by  habit  almoft  infenfible  to  the 
common  feelings  of  humanity.  Their  barbarous 
cuftom  of  fcdiping  their  enemies,  in  the  heat  of 
adion ;  the  exquifite  torments  often  inflided  by 
them  on  thofe  referved  for  a  more  deliberate  fate  ; 
their  general  ferocity  of  manners,  and  the  fuccefles 
wherewith  they  have  often  been  fluflied,  have  con- 
fpired  to  render  their  name  terrible,  and  fome 
times  to  ftrike  a  pannic  even  into  our  braved  and 
beft  difciplined  troops. 

Their  acquired  advantages  are,  that  they  have 
been  inured  to  bear  the  extremes  of  heat  and  cold ; 
and  from  their  infancy,  in  winter  and  fummer, 
to  plunge  themfelves  in  cold  ftreams,  and  to  go 
almoft  naked,  expofed  to  the  fcorching  fun  or  nip- 
ping frofts,  till  they  arrive  to  the  ftate  of  manhood. 
Some  of  them  deftroy  the  fenfation  of  the  (kin  by 
fcratching  it  with  the  fhort  and  fharp  teeth  of  fome 
animal,  difpofed    in   the    form    of  a    curry-comb, 

which 


liflii 


AHI 


With  the  Savages  of  North-America.         97 

which  makes  them  regardlefs  of  briars  and  thorns 
in  running  thro'  thickets.  Rivers  are  no  obftacles 
to  them  in  their  wild  excurfions.  They  either 
fwim  over,  or  crofs  them  on  rafts  or  canoes,  of 
an  eafy  and  ready  conftrudlion. 

In  their  expeditions  they  live  chiefly  by  hunt- 
ing, or  on  wild  fruits  and  roots,  with  which  the 
woods  fupply  them  almoft  every  where. 

They  can  bear  hunger  and  thirft  for  feveral 
days,  without  flackening,  on  that  account,  their 
perfeverance  in  any  propofed  enterprize. 

By  conftant  pradice  in  hunting,  the^  learn  to 
fhoot  with  great  fkill,  either  with  bows,  or  fire- 
arms; and  to  ileal  unperceived  upon  their  prey, 
purfuing  the  trads  of  men  and  beafts,  which  would 
be  imperceptible  to  an  European.  They  can  run 
for  a  whole  day  without  halting,  when  flying  from 
an  enemy,  or  when  fent  on  any  mefl"age.  They 
fteer,  as  if  by  inftind,  thro'  tracklefs  woods,  and 
with  aftonifliing  patience  can  lie  whole  days  mo- 
tionlefs  in  ambufli  to  furprife  an  enemy,  efl;eem- 
ing  no  labour  or  perfeverance  too  painful  to  obtain 
their  ends. 


They 


98 


Refte^lions  on  the  War 


Thev  befmear  their  bodies  with  bear's  greafe, 
which  defends  them  againft  rains  and  damps,  as 
well  as  againft  the  ftings  of  Mufkitoes  and  Gnats. 
It  likewife  fupples  their  limbs,  and  makes  them  as 
flippery  as  the  antient  gladiators,  who  could  not 
be  held  faft  when  feized  in  fight. 

Plain  food,  conftant  exercife,  and  living  in  the 
open  air,  preferve  them  healthy  and  vigorous. 

They  are  powerfully  excited  to  war  by  the 
cuftom  eftablifhed  among  them,  of  paying  diftin- 
guifhed  honours  to  warriors. 

They  fight  only  when  they  think  to  have  the 
advantage,  but  cannot  be  forced  to  it,  being  fure 
by  their  fpeed  to  elude  the  moft  eager  purfuit. 


Their  drefs  confifts  of  the  fkins  of  fome  wild 
beaft,  or  a  blanket,  a  fhirt  either  of  linen,  or  of 
dreflfed  fkins,  a  breech  clout,  leggins,  reaching 
half  way  up  the  thigh,  and  faftened  to  a  belt, 
with  mokawfons  on  their  feet.  They  ufe  no  liga- 
tures that  might  obftrud:  the  circulation  of  their 
blood,  or  agility  of  their  limbs.  They  ihave  their 
head,  referving  only  a  fmall  tuft  of  hair  on  the  top; 
and  flit  the  outer  part  of  the  ears,  to  which,  by 

weights. 


^ 


With  the  Savages  of  North-America. 


99 


weights,    they  give  a  circular   form,  extending  it 
down  to  their  (houlders. 

They  adorn  themfelves  with  ear  and  nofe  rings, 
bracelets  of  filver  and  wampum,  and  paint  their 
faces  with  various  colours.  When  they  prepare 
for  an  engagement  they  paint  themfelves  black, 
and  fight  naked. 


Their  arms  are  a  fufil,  or  rifle,  a  powder  horn, 
a  fhot  pouch,  a  tomahawk,  and  a  fcalping  knife 
hanging  to  their  neck. 

When  they  are  in  want  of  firearms,  they  fupply 
them  by  a  bow,  a  fpear,  or  a  death  hammer,  which 
*  is  a  fhort  club  made  of  hard  wood. 

Their  ufual  utenfils  are  a  kettle,  a  fpoon,  a  look- 
ing glafs,  an  awl,  a  ileel  to  ftrike  fire,  fome  paint,  a 
pipe  and  tobacco-pouch.  For  want  of  tobacco, 
they  fmoke  fome  particular  leaves,  or  the  bark  of  a 
willow;  which  is  almoft  their  continual  occupation. 

Thus  lightly  equipped  do  the  favages  lie  in 
wait  to  attack,  at  fome  difficult  pafs,  the  European 
foldier,  heavily  accoutred,  harafled  by  a  tedious 
march,  and  encumbered  with  an  unwieldy  convoy. 

Experience 


WmikiUd;... 


lOO 


Refle£lions  on  the  War 


Experience  has  convinced  us  that  it  is  not  our 
intereft  to  be  at  war  with  them;  but  if,  after  having 
tried  all  means  to  avoid  it,  they  force  us  to  it, 
(which  in  all  probability  v/ill  often  happen)  we 
(hould  endeavour  to  fight  them  upon  more  equal 
terms,  and  regulate  our  raanceuvres  upon  thofe  of 
the  enemy  we  are  to  engage,  and  the  nature  of  the 
country  we  are  to  a6t  in. 

It  does  not  appear  from  our  accounts  of  Indian 
wars,  that  the  favages  were  as  brave  formerly  as  we 
have  found  them  of  late ;  which  muft  be  imputed 
to  their  unexpedled  fuccefTes  againft  our  troops  on 
fome  occafions,  particularly  in  1755;  and  from  the 
little  refiftance  they  have  fince  met  with  from 
defencelefs  inhabitants. 


It  is  certain  that  even  at  this  day,  they  feldom 
expofe  their  perfons  to  danger,  and  depend  entirely 
upon  their  dexterity  in  concealing  themfelves  dur- 
ing an  engagement,  never  appearing  openly,  unlefs 
they  have  ftruck  their  enemies  with  terror,  and 
have   thereby  rendered  them  incapable  of  defence. 

From    whence    it    may    be    inferred    that,  if 

they  were  beat  two  or  three  times,  they  would 
lofe  that  confidence  infpired  by  fuccefs,  and  be  lefs 
inclined  to  engage  in  wars  which  might  end  fatally 

for 


^ 


fVith  the  Savages  of  North-America.        loi 

for  them.  But  this  cannot  reafonably  be  expeded, 
till  we  have  troops  trained  to  fight  them  in  their 
own  way,  with  the  additional  advantage  of  Euro- 
pean courage  and  difcipline. 

Any  deviation  from  our  eftabliftied  military 
fyftem  would  be  needlefs,  if  valour,  zeal,  order 
and  good  condudt,  were  fufficient  to  fubdue  this 
light-footed  enemy.  Thefe  qualities  are  confpicu- 
ous  in  our  troops  ;  but  they  are  too  heavy,  and 
indeed  too  valuable,  to  be  employed  alone  in  a 
deftruftive  fervice  for  which  they  were  never  in- 
tended. They  require  the  afliftance  of  lighter 
corps,  whofe  drefs,  arms  and  exercifes,  fhould  be 
adapted  to  this  new  kind  of  war. 

This  opinion  is  fupported  by  the  example  of 
many  warlike  nations,  of  which  1  beg  leave  to 
mention  the  following. 


The  learned  Jefuitf  who  has  obliged  the  world 
with  a  treatife  on  the  military  affairs  of  the  ancient 
Romans,   tells    us,    from    Salluft§,  that  this  wife 

nation 

fVid.  Joannis  Antonii  Valtrini  Lbr,  de  re  milit,  Vet.  Rom. 

§Neque  enim   Romanis  fuperbia  unquam  obflitit,  quo  minus 
aliena  inftituta,   Ji   modo   proba   fuifTent,   imitarentur  ;  et  quod 

ub^que 


I02 


Reflections  on  the  War 


nation,  our  mafters  in  the  art  of  war,  were  never 
hindered  even  by  the  pride  of  empire,  from  imita- 
ting any  foreign  maxim  or  inftitution,  provided  it 
was  good  ;  and  that  they  carefully  adopted  into 
their  own  practice  whatever  they  found  iifeful  in 
that  of  their  allies  or  enemies;  fo  that  by  receiving 
fome  things  from  one,  and  fome  from  another,  they 
greatly  improved  a  fyftem  even  originally  excellent. 


The  defeat  of  Antony  and  Craflus  by  the  Par- 
thians,  of  Curio  by  the  Numidians,  and  many 
other  inftances,  convinced  the  Romans  that  their 
legions,  who  had  conquered  fo  many  nations,  were 
not  fit  to  engage  light-troops,  which,  harraifing 
them  continuallv,  evaded  all  their  endeavours  to 
bring  them  to  a  clofe  engagement ;  and  it  is  prob- 
able that  if  Julius  Cfefar  had  not  been  afTaflinated, 
when  he  was  preparing  to  march  againft  the  fame 
Parthians,  to  wipe  off  the  reproach  of  the  former 
defeats,  he  would  have  added  to  his  legions  a 
greater  number  of  light  troops,  formed  upon  the 
principles  and  method  of  that  nation,  and  have 
left  us  ufeful  leflbns  for  the  conduct  of  a  war 
againft  our  favages. 

ubique  apud  focios  vel  holies  idoneum  vifum  eiret,  cum  lludio 
domi  exfequerentur.  —  Aliaque  ab  aliis  accepta.  ipfi  longe  fatere 
meliora  quse  quidem  digna  tlatuifl'ent. 

That 


fVith  the  Savages  of  North-America.       103 

That  he  did  not  think  the  attack  of  irregular 
troops  contemptible,  appears  clearly  in  feveral 
parts  of  his  commentaries,  and  particularly  in  the 
African  war.  The  various  embarralTments  he  met 
with  from  the  enemy  he  had  then  to  deal  with, 
neceflarily  call  to  our  mind  many  fimilar  circum- 
ftances  in  the  courfe  of  our  wars  with  the  Indians  ; 
and  the  pains  he  took  to  inftrud  his  foldiers  to 
ftand  and  repel  the  fkirmifhes  of  the  nimble  Afri- 
cans, may  furniih  inftrudion  to  us  in  our  military 
operations  againft  the  favage  Americans. 


We  are  told  that  while  Caefar  was  on  his  march 
"to  Scipio's"''  quarters,  the  enemy's  horfe  and 
"light-armed  infantry,  rifing  all  at  once  from  an 
"  ambufcade,  appeared  upon  the  hills,  and  attacked 

"his 

*Labienus,  Afraniufque  cum  omni  equitatu,  levique  armatura, 
ex  infidiis  adorti  agmini  Caefaris  extremo  fe  offerunt,  atque  ex 
collibus  primis  exfirtunt. — Primo  impetu  legionum  equitatus, 
levis  armatura  hoflium  nui!o  negotio  loco  pulfa  et  dejedla  eft  de 
colle.  Quum  jam  Caelar  exiilnnaffet  hoftes  pulfos  deterritolque 
finem  laceffendi  fafturos,  et  iter  coeptum  pergere  coepifler  ;  iterum 
celeriter  ex  proximis  collibus  erumpunt ;  i.  que  in  Caefaris  legion- 
arios  impetum  faciunt  Numids,  levilque  armaturae  mirabili  veloci- 
tate  przediti  ;  qui  inter  equites  pugnabant,  et  una  pariterque  cum 
equitibus  accurere  et  refugere  comfueverant.  Hoc  fepius,  facerent, 
&c.  —  Caefaris  autem  non  ampliustres,  aut  quatuor  milites  veterani, 
1i  fe  convertiflent,  et  pila  viribus  contorta  in  Numidas  infertos 
conjeciffent,   amplius   duorum    millium   numero  ad   unum   terga 

vertebant ; 


•■I.llllfcl      — »  ^ 


104 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


his  rear.  His  legions  forming  themfelves,  foon 
beat  the  enemy  from  the  higher  ground.  And 
now  chinking  all  fafe,  he  begins  to  purfue  his 
march.  But  immediately  the  enemy  break  forth 
from  the  neighbouring  hills  ;  and  the  Numidians, 
with  their  light-armed  foot,  who  are  wonderfully 
nimble,  always  mixing  and  keeping  equal  pace 
with  the  cavalry  in  charging  or  retiring,  fall 
afrefh  on  the  Roman  foot.  Thus  they  fre- 
quently renewed  the  charge,  and  ftill  retired  when 
he  endeavoured  to  bring  them  to  clofe  engage- 
ment. If  but  two  or  three  of  his  veterans  faced 
about  and  caft  their  piles  with  vigour,  two  thou- 
fand  of  the  enemy  would  fly,  then  returning 
rally  again,  making  it  their  bufinefs  to  harrafs 
his  march,  and  tc  prefs  upon  his  rear,  following 


vertcbant;  ac  rurfus  ad  aciem  paflim,  convcrfis  equis,  f"e  col- 
ligebant,  atque  in  ipatio  consequebantur,  et  jaciila  in  Lcgionarios 
conjiciebant. 

Casar  contra  ejusmodi  hoftium    genera  copias    fuas,  non  ut 
imperator  exercitum  veteranum,  viftoremque  maximis  rebus  geftis, 
fed  ut  lanifta  tirones  gladiatores  condocefacerc  :    quo  pede  ieff 
reciperent  ab  hofte,  &c.  —  Mirifice  enim  hoiUum  levis  ai     'ni 
anxiutn  exercitum  ejus  atque  follicitum  habebat ;  quia  .cs 

deterrebat  prcelium  inirc,  propter  equorum  intcrritum  ,  i  eos 

jaculis  interficiebat ;  et  legionarium  militcm  defatigabat,  j      pter 
relocitatcm.     Gravis  enim  armatura  miles  iimul  atque  ab  his  in 
feflatus  conftiterat,  in  eofque  impetum  fecerat,    illi  vcloci  curfu 
facile  periculum  vitabant. 

at 


fVith  the  Savages  of  North-America.        105 

"  at  fome  diftance  and  throwing  their  darts  at  the 
**  legions. 

"C/ESAR,  having    fo    fubtil  an   enemy  to   deal 

"with,   inftruded  liis  foldiers,  not  like  a  general 

**who  had  been  vidorious   in  the  moft  arduous 

•'exploits,  but  as  a  fencing-mafterf  would  inftruCt 

"his  fcholars;   teaching  them   with   what  pace  to 

"  retreat  from   the  enemy,  and  how  to  return  to 

"  the  charge  ;   how  far  to  advance,  and  how  far  to 

"  retire;   and  likewife  in  what  place  and  manner  to 

"caft  their  piles.     For  their  light-armed  infantry 

"gave  him   the  greateft   uneafinefs,  deterring  his 

"  troopers   from    meeting  them,  by  killing   their 

"horfes    with    their  javelins,    and    wearying    his 

"legions    by  their    fwiftnefs.     For  whenever    his 

"  heavy-arm(|4  foot  faced  -Lout,  and  endeavoured 

"to  return  their  charge,  they  quickly  avoided  the 

"danger  by  flight." 

But  without  going  back  to  the  ancients,  we 
have  feen  this  maxim  adopted  in  our  days.  Mar- 
fhal  de  Saxe  finding  the  French  army  harrafled  by 
the  HufTars  and  other  Auftrian  light  troops, 
formed    alfo    feveral    corps  of  them    of  different 

fLanitta,  in  Latin,  is  an    inftruftor  of  gladiators,  which  in 
Englidi  can  only  be  tranflated  a  •«  Fencing-mafler." 

kinds  ; 


io6 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


kinds  ;  and  the  king  of  Pruflia  in  his  fir(*  ^ar  in- 
troduced them  into  his  army,  and  has  augmented 
and  employed  them  ever  fince  with  fuccefs.  We 
have  ourfelves  made  ufe  of  them  in  the  two  laft 
wars  in  Europe :  But  the  light  troops  wanted  in 
America  muft  be  trained  on  different  principles. 
The  enemies  we  have  to  deal  with,  are  infinitely 
more  aftive  and  dangerous  than  the  Huffars  and 
Pandours  ;  or  even  the  Africans  above-mentioned. 
For  the  American  favages,  after  their  rapid  incur- 
fions,  retreat  to  their  towns,  at  a  great  diftance  from 
our  fettlements,  through  thickety  woods  almoft  im- 
penetrable to  our  heavy  and  unwieldy  corps,  com- 
pofed  of  foldiers  loaded  with  cloaths,  baggage  and 
provifions,  who,  when  fatigued  by  a  long  march, 
muft  be  a  very  unequal  match  to  engage  the  nimble 
favage  in  woods,  which  are  his  native  eltinent. 


Another  unavoidable  incumbrance,  in  our  ex- 
peditions, arifes  from  the  provifions  and  baggage  of 
the  army,  for  which  a  road  muft  be  opened,  and 
bridges  thrown  ov^r  rivers  and  fwamps.  This 
creates  great  labour,  retards  and  weakens  the  line 
of  march,  and  keeps  the  troops  tied  to  a  convoy 
which  they  cannot  lofe  fight  of,  without  expofing 
it  to  become  a  prey  to  a  vigilant  enemy,  continu- 
ally hovering  about  to  feize  every  advantage. 

An 


IVith  the  Savages  of  North- America.       107 

An  European,  to  be  a  proper  judge  of  this 
kind  of  war,  muft  have  lived  fome  time  in  the 
vaft  forefts  of  America ;  otherwife  he  will  hardly 
be  able  to  conceive  a  continuity  of  woods  without 
end.  In  fpite  of  his  endeavours,  his  imagination 
will  betray  him  into  an  expertation  of  open  and 
clear  grounds,  and  he  will  be  apt  to  calculate  his 
manoeuvres  accordingly,  too  much  upon  the  prin- 
ciples of  war  in  Europe. 

Let  us  fuppofe  a  perfon,  who  is  entirely  unac- 
quainted with  the  nature  of  this  fervice,  to  be  put 
at  the  head  of  an  expedition  in  America.  We  will 
further  fuppofe  that  he  has  made  the  difpofitions 
ufual  in  Europe  for  a  march,  or  to  receive  an 
enemy ;  and  that  he  is  then  attacked  by  the  favages. 
He  cannot  difcover  them,  tho'  from  every  tree, 
log  or  bufh,  he  receives  an  incelTant  fire,  and  ob- 
ferves  that  few  of  their  fhot  are  loft.  He  will  not 
hefitate  to  charge  thofe  invifible  enemies,  but  he 
will  charge  in  vain.  For  they  are  as  cautious  to 
avoid  a  clofe  engagement,  as  indefatigable  in  har- 
rafling  his  troops;  and  notwithftanding  all  his 
endeavours,  he  will  ftill  find  himfelf  furrounded 
by  a  circle  of  fire,  which,  like  an  artificial  horizon, 
follows  him  every  where. 


Unable 


1 08 


Refle£fions  on  the  War 


Unable  to  rid  himfelf  of  an  enemy  who  never 
ftands  his  attacks,  and  flies  when  prefixed,  only  to 
return  upon  him  again  with  equal  agility  and 
vigour;  he  will  fee  the  courage  of  his  heavy  troops 
droop,  and  their  ftrength  at  lafl:  fail  them  by 
repeated  and  ineffedual  efforts. 

He  muft  therefore  think  of  a  retreat,  unlefs  he 
can  force  his  way  thro'  the  enemy.  But  how  is 
this  to  be  effefted?  his  baggage  and  provifions  are 
unloaded  and  fcattered,  part  of  his  horfes  and 
drivers  killed,  others  difperfed  by  fear,  and  his 
wounded  to  be  carried  by  foldiers  already  fainting 
under  the  fatigue  of  a  long  adion.  The  enemy, 
encou raided  by  his  diftrefs,  will  not  fail  to  encreafe 
the  diforder,  by  prefling  upon  him  on  every  fide, 
with  redoubled  fury  and  favage  bowlings. 

He  will  probably  form  a  circle  or  a  fquare,  to 
keep  off  fo  daring  an  enemy,  ready  at  the  leaft 
opening  to  fall  upon  him  with  the  deftruftive 
tomahawk  :  but  thefe  difpofitions,  tho'  a  tolerable 
fhift  for  defence,  are  neither  proper  for  an  attack, 
nor  a  march  thro'  the  woods. 


This  is  not  an  imaginary  fuppofition,  but  the 
true    ftate   of  an    engagement  with    the    Indians, 

experienced 


With  the  Savages  of  North- America.  109 

experienced  by  the  troops  who  have  fought  againfl 
them.  Neither  is  there  any  thing  new  or  extraor- 
dinary in  this  way  of  fighting,  which  feems  to  have 
been  common  to  moft  Barbarians f. 

What  is  then  to  be  done  to  extricate  our  little 
army  from  impending  dettrudion? 

This  is  a  problem  which  I  do  not  pretend  to 
refolve.  But  as  every  man  would,  in  fimilar  cir- 
cumftances,  determine  himfelf  fome  way  or  other, 
I  will  propofe  my  own  fentiments,  founded  upon 
fome  obfervations  which  1  believe  invariable  in  all 
engagements  with  favages. 

The  firft,  that  their  general  maxim  is  to  fur- 
round  their  enemy. 

The  fecond,  that  they  fight  fcattered,  and  never 
in  a  compadt  body. 

The  third,  that  they  never  ftand  their  ground 
when  attacked,  but  immediately  give  way,  to  re- 
turn to  the  charge. 


t  Vid.  Cael.  Comm.  lib.  V.  dc  bcUo  Gallico,  et  lib,  II  de 

bello  civili.  ,,, 

These 


1  lO 


Refletlions  on  the  War 


These  principles  being  admitted,  it  foliows- 


ift.  That  the  troops  deftined  to  engage  Indians, 
muft  be  lightly  cloathed,  armed,  and  accoutred. 

2d.  That  having  no  refiftance  to  encounter  in 
the  attack,  or  defence,  they  are  not  to  be  drawn  up 
in  clofe  order,  which  would  only  expofe  them  with- 
out neceflity  to  a  greater  lofs. 

And,  laftly,  that  all  their  evolutions  muft  be 
performed  with  great  rapidity;  and  the  men  ena- 
bled by  exercife  to  purfue  the  enemy  clofely,  when 
put  to  flight,  and  not  give  them  time  to  rally. 

These  remarks  will  explain  the  reafons  of  the 
alterations  propofed  in  the  formation  of  a  corps  of 
troops,  for  the  fervice  of  the  woods.  It  is  not, 
however,  to  be  expeded  that  this  method  will  re- 
move all  obftacles,  or  that  thofe  light  troops  can 
equal  the  favages  in  patience,  and  adivity;  but, 
with  difcipline  and  praftice,  they  may  in  a  great 
meafure  fupply  the  want  of  thefe  advantages,  and 
by  keeping  the  enemy  at  a  diftance  afford  great 
relief  and  fecurity  to  the  main  body. 


SECTION 


JVith  the  Savages  of  North- America.       t  1 1 


SECTION    II. 

GENERAL     IDEA     OF     AN      ESTABLISHMENT     OF     LIGHT 
TROOPS    FOR    THE    SERVICE    OF    THE    WOODS. 

I  SHALL  only  venture  a  few  notions  fuggefted  by 
experience  upon  this  fubjed,  chiefly  with  a  view 
to  recommend  it  to  the  confideration  of  perfons 
capable  of  propofing  a  proper  method  of  forming 
fuch  an  eftablifliment:  and,  in  order  to  be  better 
underftood,  I  will  fuppofe  a  corps  of  500  men  to 
be  raifed  and  difciplined  for  the  woods,  befrdes  two 
troops  of  light  horfe,  to  which  a  company  of  arti 
fleers  might  be  added.  The  fitteft  men  for  that 
fervice  would  be  the  natives  of  America  bred  upon 
the  frontiers,  and  inlifl:ed  between  the  age  of  15 
and  20  years,  to  be  difcharged  between  30  and  35. 


C  L  O  A  T  H  I  N  G  . 

The  cloathing  of  a  foldier  for  the  campaign 
might  confift  of  a  ftiort  coat  of  brown  cloth,  lap- 
pelled,  and  without  plaits;  a  fl:rong  tanned  (hirt, 

(hort 


112 


Refle£lions  on  the  l^^ar 


Ihort  trowfers,  leggins,  mokawrons  or  (hoe  packs, 
a  Tailor's  hat,  a  blanket,  a  knapfack  for  provifions, 
and  an  oiled  furtoufj-  againft  the  rain.  To  this 
might  be  added,  in  winter  quarters  or  time  of 
peace,  three  white  Oiirts  and  ftocks,  with  a  flannel 
waidcoat. 


ARMS. 

I  The  following  Watch-coat  was  contrived  by  an  officer, 
whofe  name  1  do  not  remember.  But  inrtead  of  the  oiled  linen  to 
be  put  under  tl\c  hat,  a  cap  might  perhaps  anfwer  better.  He 
writes  as  follows,  viz. 

•'As  the  Indian  war  will  require  frequent  incurfions  into  a 
"  wild  country,  where  a  man  fick  or  wounded,  is  in  feveral  refpefts 
'■  more  detrimental  to  the  fervice  than  a  man  killed,  everv  thing 
"  that  may  contribute  to  the  health  of  the  men  is  of  moment. 

•In  this  view,  I  propolc  a  iort  of  furtout,  to  preferve  men,  in 
'•  a  great  meafure,  both  from  wet  and  cold. 

"  Take  a  large  checked  fhirt,  of  about  half  a  crown  ilerling 
"per  yard,  for  it  (hould  be  pretty  fine;  cut  off  the  wriil-band.s, 
"and  continue  the  opening  of  the  breail  down  to  the  bottom; 
'•  few  up  the  fides  from  the  gullets  downwards  ;  rip  out  the  gath- 
•'  ers  in  the  fore  parts  of  the  collar  as  far  as  the  ftioulder  llrap>, 
"and  refew  it  plain  to  the  collar. 

•'  The  fliirt  will  then  become  a  fort  of  watch-coat  like  a  bed- 
-gown, with  very  wide  (leeves. 

"  Take  a  quantity  ot  linfced  oil,  and  boil  it  gently  till  one  half 
"  is  dimiflied,  to  which  put  a  fmall  quantity  of  litharge  of  gold, 
'•  and  when  it  is  well  incorporated  with  the  oil,  lay  it  on  with  a 
"  brulli  upon  the  watch  coat,  lo  that  it  fliall  be  every  where 
"  equally  wet. 

"I  fuppolc  the  watcii-coat,  hung  in  a  garret,  or  other  covered 
'"  place,  and  io  fufpended  by  crooked  pins  and  pack  threads  in  the 
"  extremities  of  the  (leeves  and  edges  of  the  collar,  that  one  part 

'■  niall 


PS 


fVith  the  Savages  of  North-America.        113 


ARMS. 

Their  arms,  the  beft  that  could  be  made,  fhould 
be  fliort  fufils  and  fome  rifles,  with  bayonets  in  the 
form  of  a  dirk,  to  ferve  for  a  knife;  with  powder 
horns  and  fliot  pouches,  fmall  hatchets  and  leathern 
bottles  for  water. 


(hall  not  touch  another.  In  a  (hort  time,  if  the  weather  is 
good,  it  will  be  dry;  when  a  fecond  mixture  of  the  fame  kind 
fhould  be  laid  on  with  a  brulh  as  before.  When  the  fecond 
coat  of  painting  is  dry,  the  greafe  will  not  come  off,  and  the 
furtout  is  an  effeflual  prefervative  from  rain  ;  it  is  very  light  to 
carry,  and  being  pretty  full  on  the  back,  will  not  only  keep  the 
man  dry,  but  alfo  his  pack  and  ammunition. 

"  The  fleeves  are  left  long  and  wide,  to  receive  the  butt  end  of 
a  firelock  (fecured)  and  to  cover  it  below  the  lock.  The  coat 
is  double  breafted  to  be  lapped  over,  according  to  which  fide 
the  rain  drives.  A  man  will  be  kept  dry  by  one  of  thefe  fur- 
touts  as  far  as  the  knees.  If,  from  the  vicinity  of  the  enemy,  it 
is  improper  to  make  fires  at  night,  he  may  place  his  pack  on  a 
ftone,  and,  fitting  upon  it,  change  his  flioes  and  leggins,  and,  if 
he  pleafes,  wrap  his  blanket  round  his  legs  and  feet,  then  draw- 
ing the  watch-coat  clofe  to  his  body,  it  will  keep  him  warm,  as 
no  air  can  pafs  through  it,  and,  leaning  againft  the  trunk  of  a 
tree,  he  may  pafs  a  tolerable  night,  both  warm  and  dry 

"  It  would  be  of  fervice  to  have  a  fmall  piece  of  the  fame 
oiled  linen  to  put  under  the  hat  or  cap  to  carry  the  rain  down 
to  the  watchcoat  or  furtout,  otherwife  whatever  wet  foaks 
through  the  hat  or  cap,  will  run  down  the  neck,  and  thereby, 
in  fome  mcafure,  defeat  the  defign  of  the  watch-coat. 

"Perhaps   it   might  be   useful   to  mix  fome  dark  or  greenilh 
colour  with  the  oil  of  the  fecond  coating,  to  make  the  watch 
coat  lefs  remarkable  in  the  woods." 

EXERCISES. 


114 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


EXERCISES. 

The  foldiers  being  raifed,  cloathed,  and  formed 
into  companies  under  proper  officers,  muft,  before 
they  are  armed,  be  taught  to  keep  themfelves  clean, 
and  to  drefs  in  a  foldier-like  manner.  This  will 
raife  in  them  a  becoming  fpirit,  give  them  a  favour- 
able opinion  of  their  profeflion,  and  preferve  their 
health.  The  firft  thing  they  are  to  learn  is  to 
Walk  well,  afterwards  to  Run;  and,  in  order  to 
excite  emulation,  fmall  premiums  might  from  time 
to  time  be  given  to  thofe  who  diftinguifli  them 
felves.  They  muft  then  run  in  ranks,  with  open 
files,  and  wheel  in  that  order,  at  firft  flowly,  and 
by  degrees  increafe  their  fpeed:  this  evolution  is 
difficult,  but  of  the  utmoft  confequence  to  fall 
unexpededly  upon  the  flank  of  the  enemy.  They 
are  to  difperfe  and  rally  at  given  fignals;  and  par- 
ticular colours  ftiould  be  given  to  each  company, 
for  them  to  rally  by ;  the  men  muft  be  ufed  to 
leap  f  over  logs  and  ditches,  and  to  carry  burthens 

proportioned  to  their  ftrength. 

Whfv 


"}■  Vegetius  j»ives  an  account  of  many  fimilar  exercifes,  which 
the  Romans  found  neceffary  to  eftabli(h  among  their  military. 
Miles  fylvam  caedebat,  aeftivis  temporibus  natabat,  ad  palum  dim?- 
cabat,  faltabat,  currebat.  Exempla  hujus  exercitationis  crebra 
funt  apud  Livium.     Sic  ilk  de  Scipione  Africano,  3  decad.   lib. 

VI. 


H'^ith  the  Savages  of  North-America.       1 1 5 

When  the  young  foldlers  are  perfedt  in  thefe 
cxercifes,  they  may  receive  their  arms,  with  which 
they  are  to  perform  the  former  evolutions  in  all 
forts  of  grounds.  They  will  next  be  taught  to 
handle  their  arms  with  dexterity ;  and,  without 
lofing  time  upon  trifles,  to  load  and  fire  very 
quick,  (landing,  kneeling,  or  lying  on  the  ground. 
They  are  to  fire  at  a  mark  without  a  reft,  and  not 
fufFered  to  be  too  long  in  taking  aim.  Hunting 
and  fmall  premiums  will  foon  make  them  expert 
markfmen. 


They  ought  to  learn  to  fwim,  pufhing  at  the 
fame  time  their  cloaths,  arms,  and  ammunition 
before  them,  on  a  fmall  raft;  and  to  make  ufe  of 
fnow  ftioes.  They  muft  then  be  fet  to  work,  and 
be  taught  to  throw  up  an  intrenchment,  open  a 
trench,  make  fafcines,  clays  and  gabions ;  likewife 
to  fall  trees,  fquare  logs,  faw  planks,  make  canoes, 
carts,  ploughs,  hand  and  wheel  barrows,  fliingles 
and  clap-boards,  cafks,  batteaus  and  bridges,  and 
to  build  log  houfes,  ovens,  &c. 

VI.  "  Primo  die  legiones  in  arinis  IV.  millium  fpatio  decurre- 
"  runt.  Secundo  die  arma  curare  et  tergere  ante  tentoria  juflit. 
"  Tertio  die  fudibus  inter  Ift  in  rnodutn  juftae  pugnae  concurrerent, 
"  prapilatisque  milGlibus  jaculati  funt.  Quarto  die  quies  data, 
"Quinto  iterum  in  armis  decurfum  eft,"  — Quibua  porro  modis 
obviam  catur  elephantis.     Veget.  lib.  III.  cap.  24. 

By 


ii6 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


By  example  and  practice,  the  moft  ingenious 
among  them  will  foon  become  tolerable  good  car- 
penters, joyners,  wheelwrights,  coopers,  armourers, 
fmiths,  mafons,  brickmakers,  faddlers,  taylors, 
butchers,  bakers,  fhoemakers,  curriers,  &c. 

LIGHT  HORSE  and  DOGS. 

I  SAID  that,  to  compleat  this  eftablifhment.  ♦•hey 
ftiould  have  two  troops  of  light  horfe,  fuppofed 
of  50  men  each,  officers  included.  The  men  are 
to  perform  the  fame  exercifes  as  the  foot,  and 
afterwards  be  taught  to  ride,  and  particularly  to 
be  very  alert  at  mounting  and  difmounting  with 
their  arms  in  their  hands,  to  gallop  through  the 
woods,  up  and  down  hills,  and  leap  over  logs  and 
ditches. 


The  horfes  ought  to  be  bought  up  on  the 
frontiers,  where  they  are  bred  and  ufed  to  feed  in 
the  woods,  and  are  ftrong  and  hardy.  They  are 
to  be  thoroughly  broke,  made  to  (land  fire,  to 
fwim  over  rivers,  &c.  their  faddles  and  accoutre- 
ments very  fimple,  ftrong  and  light.  The  number 
of  horfes  might  be  reduced  to  one  half,  in  time  of 
peace,  tho'  they  would  be  ot  little  expence,  as  they 
might  be  bred  and  maintained  without  charge  in 

the 


IVith  the  Savages  of  North- America.        1 1 7 

the  military  fettlement.  This  corps  fliould  be 
equipped  as  the  foot,  having  only  a  Ihort  rifle  in 
lieu  of  a  fufil,  and  a  battle  ax  with  a  long  handle, 
the  only  fort  of  arms  they  fhould  make  ufe  of  in 
the  charge. 

Every  light  horfe  man  ought  to  be  provided 
with  a  Blood-hound,  which  would  be  ufeful  to 
find  out  the  enemies  ambufhes,  and  to  follow  their 
tradls;  they  would  feize  the  naked  favages,  or  at 
leaft  give  time  to  the  horfe  men  to  come  up  with 
them ;  they  would  add  to  the  fafety  of  the  camp 
at  night  by  difcovering  any  attempt  to  furprize  it. 

ARTIFICERS. 


The  company  of  artificers  fhould  be  compofed 
of  the  moft  ufeful  tradefmen,  and  ought  to  be 
maintained  at  all  times  for  the  inftrudion  of  the 
foldiers,  the  ufe  of  the  fettlement,  or  the  fervice 
of  the  army,  during  the  campaign.  It  will  now 
be  time  to  draw  forth  this  military  colony  and  re- 
movt-  them  to  the  ground  laid  out  for  that  ufe  in 
the  woods,  and  at  a  good  diftance  from  the  inhab- 
itants, rho  r.ature  of  this  fettlement  will  here- 
after he  more  particularly  defcribed. 

Necessity 


■^" 


Ii8 


RefieEiions  on  the  War 


Necessity  creating  induftry,  our  young  Coldiers 
will  foon  provide  themfelves  with  the  moil  ufeful 
articles,  and  in  a  couple  of  years  be  able  to  raife 
proviftons  for  themfelves. 

While  the  greateft  part  would  be  employed  in 
clearing  the  ground,  fencing,  ploughing,  fowing, 
planting,  building  and  making  utenfils  and  houfe- 
hold  furniture,  others  might  hunt  with  their  offi- 
cers, and  remain  a  fortnight  or  a  month  out  of  the 
camp,  without  other  provifions  than  a  little  flour, 
and  what  they  could  procure  by  hunting  and  fifh- 
ing :  then  to  be  relieved,  and  the  whole  trained  up 
in  that  way. 


The  military  exercifes  muft  ftill  be  kept  un  and 
pradkiced,  and  great  care  taken  to  inculcate  and  pre- 
ferve  purity  of  manners,  obedience,  order  and  decen- 
cy among  the  men,  which  will  be  found  much  eafier 
in  the  woods  than  in  the  neighbourhood  of  towns. 

In  order  to  make  this  military  eftablifhment 
more  generally  ufeful ;  I  would  propofe  that  the  fol- 
diers  (hould  only  receive  a  very  fmall  part  of  their 
pay  ;  leaving  the  remainder  in  the  military  cheft. 

Their  accounts  fhould  be  fettled  every  year, 

and 


IVith  the  Savages  of  North- America.       119 

and  when  their  fervices  fhould  intitlc  them  to  their 
difcharge,  I  could  wifh  that  each  of  them  had  200 
acres  of  land  given  him,  in  a  diftrift  appropriated 
for  that  purpofe  ;  and  receiving  then  the  whole 
ballance  of  pay  due  them,  they  would  then  be 
enabled  to  compleat  their  fettlement.  This  infti- 
tution  appears  not  only  prafticable,  but  eafy,  if 
attended  to  with  patience,  affiduity  and  firmnefs. 
The  plan  I  would  propofe  is  as  follows. 


Method  of  forming  fuch  Settlements  upon  the 

Frontiers,  as  might   fupport  themfelves 

during  an  Indian  War. 

Let  us  fuppofe  a  fettlement  to  be  formed  for 
one  hundred  families,  compofed  of  five  perfons 
each,  upon  an  average. 

Lay  out  upon  a  river  or  creek,  if  it  can  be  found 
conveniently,  a  square  of  one  thoufand  kwtn 
hundred  and  fixty  yards,  or  a  mile  for  each  fide. 

That  Square  will  contain     -         -        640  acres 
Allowing  for  ftreets  and  public  ufes  40' 
To  half  an  acre  for  every  houfe  -     50 
To  one  hundred  lotts  at  five  and 

half  acres         -        -         -        55°. 


>  64O  acres 


The 


.,%ia.fe-<. 


1 20 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


The  four  fides  of  the  fquare  meafure  7040  yards, 
which  gives  to  each  houfe  about  70  yards  front  to 
ftockade,  and  the  ground  allowed  for  building  will 
be  210  feet  front,  and  about  100  feet  deep. 

An  acre  of  ground  will  produce  at  leaft  30 
buihels  of  Indian  corn.  Therefore,  two  acres  are 
fufficient  to  fupply  five  perfons,  at  the  rate  ot 
twelve  >^vifhels  each  perfon.  Two  other  acres  will 
be  a  pafture  for  cows  and  (heep,  another  acre  for 
hay,  to  be  fown  with  red  clover.  The  remaining 
half  acre  may  be  laid  out  for  a  garden. 

Round  the  town  are  the  commons,  of  three 
miles  fquare,  containing,  exclufive  of  the  lots 
abovementioned,  5120  acres.  On  three  fides  of 
the  town,  five  other  Squares  will  be  laid  out  of 
three  fquare  miles,  containing  5760  acres  each,  one 
of  which  is  referved  for  wood  for  the  ufe  of  the 
Settlement ;  the  other  four  to  be  divided  into 
25  out-lotts  or  plantations,  of  about  230  acres 
each,  fo  that  in  the  four  Squares,  there  will  be  one 
hundred  fuch  plantations,  for  the  100  families. 

Another  townftiip  may  be  laid  out  joining  this, 
upon  the  fame  plan,  and  as  many  more  as  you  please 
upon  the  fame  line,  without  lofing  any  ground. 

The 


With  the  Savages 

of  North-America, 

121 

n              1 

1^ 

I 

Ottso 
acre 

D  acre 
for  t 
own 
A 

*^ 

Tow 

tn     -*, 

=r  '^ 

3 

ni 

1 

1       ^ 

Commons    1 

'^%%%%'i^  1 

1      '73 

>m 

1    *    1 

1 

i 

1        > 

• 

Commons 

hJ 

Commons 

^^^^^^M-iOifg 

t 

X 

Vi 

i           CO         i   ;                to 

> 

o"' 

^;«;?^K?^5^^  i                   i 

O 
1       ^ 

o" 

Commons 

1       t 

^ 

j       3" 

w 

3-^ 

'     T3 

aq 

o 

VI 

Vi 

od   for 
Town 
B 

Ki                 i 

1 

pc 

0 

1 

1 

c 
crq 

\—  - 

, 

1 

j 

>-> 

^ 

Ui 

Tow 

(7) 

f-t 

r, 

3- 

:                              1 

3 

o 

:  ? 

•^l 

Commons 

rt- 

w 

S^        O       ^             Oo 

i      'T3 

n 

o 

Commons     | 

i 

ft 

Commons     j 

»      ^     ^ 

i 

+« 

c             5          "^         .'    ^' 

ii^3i.^iji*.?^R  ' 

O 

1 

Commons     | 

1 

-3 

•► 

c 

?  5^      1 

=  ^        i 

Thus 


■ll(<<i'V'l  •« 'fWi  i  fil'n  >i  !»■'■ 


122 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


Thus  the  town,  A,  has  its  commons,  its  wood- 
land, and  its  4  fquares  marked  No.  i.  each  con- 
taining 25  plantations  of  230  acres,  as  propofed 
above.  In  like  manner,  the  other  towns,  B,  C,  D, 
have  their  appurtenances  refpedively  marked. 


Let  us  now  fuppofe  this  plan  accomplifhed,  and 
fuch  corps  as  thefe  fully  fettled,  trained  and  difci- 
plined,  in  the  manner  abovenientioned ;  I  would  a(k 
whether  any  officer,  entrufted  with  an  expedition 
againft  the  favages,  would  not  chufe  to  have  them 
in  his  army?  I  may  fafely  anfwer  for  all  thofe  who 
have  been  employed  in  that  fervice,  that  they  would 
prefer  them  to  double  the  number  of  the  beft 
European  troops.  And  when  they  had  ferved  the 
time  limited,  namely  from  their  15th  to  their  35th 
year,  what  vaft  fatisfartion  would  it  be  to  pay 
over  to  them  their  fhare  of  favings  from  the 
public  cheft ;  and,  as  a  reward  of  their  faithtul 
toils,  to  veft  them  and  their  heirs  with  their  feveral 
plantations,  which  they  would  now  be  enabled  to 
cultivate  as  their  own  ?  This  profpedl  would 
engage  many  people  to  enter  their  fons,  in  luch 
corps  ;  and  thofe  veterans,  when  thus  difcharged, 
would  not  only  be  the  means  of  forming  and 
animating  others  by  their  example,  but  in  cafe 
of  a  war  would  ftill  bravely  maintain  the  property 

they 


fVith  Ihe  Savages  of  North-America.        123 


thev  had  fo  honorably  acquired,  and  be  the  greateft 
fecuntv  of  the  frontier  where  thev  are  fettled. 

Preparations  for  an  expedition  in  the  woods 

At.AINSr   SAVAGES. 

It  is  not  pradicable  to  employ  large  bodies  ot" 
troops  againft  Indians;  the  convoys  neceiTary  for 
their  fupport  would  be  too  cumberfonie,  and  could 
neither  be  moved  with  eafe,  nor  proterted.  It 
would  be  better  to  fit  out  feveral  fmall  expeditions^ 
than  one  too  unwieldy:  I  will  therefore  fuppofe 
that  a  corps  intended  to  ad  offenfively  ft\all  not 
exceed  the  following  proportions. 

Two  regiments  of  foot     -     -     -     - 
One  battalion   of    hunters     -     -     - 
Two  troops  of  light  horfe     -     -     - 
One  company  of  artificers 
Drivers  and  neceflarv  followers  -     - 


900 

500 

100 

20 

280 


In  all 


1800 


Thk  firft  article  to  provide  is  the    provifions, 
and  next  the  carriages. 

The    daily    ration    of  a  foldier    in    the    woods 
(hould  confift  of  one  pound  and  a  half  of  meat 

(which 


124 


Reflexions  on  the  War 


(which   requires   no  carriage)    and  one   pound  of 
flour,  with  a  t^ill  of  fait  per  week. 


Upon  that  allowance  1800 
men  will  require  for  fix 
months  or  182  days     -    - 

ALLOWfNG  one  fourth  for 
accident     -    -    -     -    -    ■ 


For  fix  months 


327,600  lb.  Flour. 


81,900 
409,500  lb.  Flour,, 


Meat  for    the   fame    time' 


with  a  fourth  part  more  forf 

'  ,^     614,400  lb.  Meat. 

accidents,  or  2048  beeves  atv 


300  lb.  each 

Salt  for  26  weeks 


182  Buft\els. 


The  above  quantity  would  ferve  the  whole  cam- 
paign, bat  one  half  would  be  fufficient  to  pene- 
trate from  the  laft  depofite  into  the  heart  of  the 
enemy's  country:  therefore  we  '^all  compute  the 
carriages  for  this  Kill  quantity  only. 

Every  hor^^  carries  about  150  lb.  neat  weight, 
therefore,  to  carry  flour  for  three  months  or  204,- 
750  lb.  will  require  1365  horfes. 

Horses 


With  the  Savages  of  North- America.        125 


" 

Horses  for  flour  brought  forward     - 

-     1365 

For  91   buihels  of  fait    - 

-         46 

Ammunition             ..         -         -         - 

50 

Tents               _         -         -         -         - 

50 

Tools               _         .         _         .         - 

50 

Hofpital          -         -         -         -         - 

20 

Officers  baggage  and  ftafF 

-        150 

i73« 

To  reduce  this  exorbitant  number  of  horfes,  and 
the  great  expence 'attending  it,  I  would  propole, 
for  fuch  parts  of  the  country  as  would  admit  of  it, 
to  make  ufe  of  carts,  drawn  each  by  four  oxen, 
and  carrying  about  1300  lb.  or  fix  barrels  of  flour. 
The  above  quantity  of  204,750  lb.  will  then  be 
carried  by  160  carts  drawn  by  -  -  -  640  oxen 
Spare  oxen  with  the  army     -     -     -      •      384 


The  number  of  oxen  wanted 


1024 


This  method  would  not  be  as  expeditious  as  the 
carnage  by  horfes,  and  would  require  more  time 
and  attention  in  cutting  the  road,  and  bridging 
the  fwampy  places,  &c.  but,  on  tht  other  hand, 
what  an  expence  would  be  faved'  and  by  killing 
the  oxen  ui   proportion  as  the  flour  is  ufed,  :»nd 

abandoning 


■s»- 


126 


Refletlions  on  the  War 


abandoning  the  rarfs,  the  convoy  is  daily  reduced, 
and  the  grais  near  the  encampment  will  not  be  lo 
foon  confumed,  which  is  not  the  cale  with  horles, 
which  muft  equally  be  fed  though  unloaded.  This 
is  an  objed  of  confequence,  particularly  near  the 
end  of  the  campaign,  when  the  fcarcity  of  fodder 
obliges  to  move  the  camps  every  day,  and  to  place 
them  in  low  and  difadvantageous  grounds. 

1  WOULD  therefore  incline  for  the  ufe  of  carts, 
and  they  could  he  made  before  hand  by  the  hunt- 
ers and  their  artificers. 


The  oxen  Ihould  be  bought  in  the  provinces 
where  the  farmers  make  ufc  of  them  in  their  works. 
One  or  two  foldiers  would  drive  the  cart  and 
take  charge  of  the  four  oxen. 

There  are  few  rivers  in  North- America  deep  m 
fummer,  and  which  thefe  carts  with  high  and  broad 
wheels,  could  not  ford ;  but  if  the  contrary  fhould 
happen,  the  carts,  provifions  and  bagp^age,  may  be 
rafted  over,  or  a  bridge  built.  In  a  country  full 
of  timber,  and  with  troops  accuftomed  to  work, 
no  river  will  ftop  an  army  for  a  long  time. 

By  the  above  method,  j  or  400  horfes  would  be 

fufficient 


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<i/tf  r/  ///a'ii/t 


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1 1  a 
\  i  \ 


>tjfiWi«lMltaigW|rWiW»t. 


Pf^ith  the  Savages  of  North- America.       127 

fufficient  to  carry  the  baggage,  ammunition,  tents, 
tools,  &c. 

EXPLANATION   of   the    four   PLANS, 

I  Plate  IL 

Reprefenting  the  different  pofitions  of 

our  army  in  the  woods. 


ENCAMPMENT. 

The  camp  (Fig.  i)  forms  a  parallellogram,  of 
one  thoufand  by  fix  hundred  feet.  Eight  hund- 
red men  of  the  regular  troops  (i)  encamp  on  the 
four  fides,  which  gives  twenty  four  feet  to  each 
tent,  containing  fix  men.  The  light-horfe  (j) 
encamp  within  the  parallellogram.  The  refcrve 
(7)  in  the  center. 

The  provifions,  ammunition,  tools  and  ftores 
(8^  and  the  cattle  (9)  are  placed  between  the  two 
troops  of  light-horfe  and  the  referve.  The  hunters 
(2)  encamp  on  the  outfide  dtagonally  at  the  tour 
angles,  being  covered  by  redoubts  (5)  formed  with 
kegs  and  bags  of  flour  or  fafcines.  Befides  thefe 
four  redoubts,  another  is  placed  to  the  front,  one 


f  See  this  Plate  before  Pag.  40. 


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IS  mil  MAIN  STRin 

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iplp 


128 


Reflections  on  the  War 


to  the  rear,  and  two  before  each  of  the  long  fices 
of  the  camp,  making  in  all  ten  advanced  guards  of 
11  men  each,  and  7  centries,  covered  if  poflible  by 
breaft  works  of  fafcines  or  provifions.  Before  the 
army  lay  down  their  arms,  the  ground  is  to  be 
reconnoitred,  and  the  guards  pofted,  who  will 
immediately  open  a  communication  from  one  to 
the  other  to  relieve  the  centries,  and  facilitate  the 
pafTage  of  rounds. 

The  centries  upon  the  ammunition,  provifions, 
head  quarters,  and  all  others  in  the  infide  of  the 
camp  are  furnifhed  from  the  referve.  The  officers, 
except  the  ftaffand  commanders  of  corps,  encamp 
on  the  line  with  their  men. 

The  fires  are  made  between  the  guards  and  camp, 
and  put  out  in  cafe  of  an  attack  in  the  night. 


LINE  of  MARCH,  Plate  II.  Fig.  II. 

Part  of  the  hunters  (2)  in  three  divifions 
detaching  fmall  parties  (5,  6)  to  their  front  and  to 
their  right  and  left,  to  fearch  the  woods  and  difcover 
the  enemy. 

The 


■'^"^^M!MI'i!^ift^5pWMWW^'5Bl|BKtflW*IK 


^mmmmmsmm 


., ■»ii<»»i».>-t '-*' I    -*■>'    'Tti  i1ifiiff*i 


PTith  the  Savages  of  North- America.       129 

The  artificers  and  ax-men  (4)  to  cut  a  road  for 
the  convoy,  and  two  paths  on  the  right  and  left 
for  the  troops. 

One  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  regular  troops  (i) 
in  two  files,  who  are  to  form  the  front  of  the 
fquare  ;   thefe  march  in  the  center  road. 

Two  hundred  and  fifty  regulars  (i)  in  one  file 
by  the  right  hand  path;  and  250  (i)  by  the  left 
hand  path,  are  to  form  the  long  faces. 

These  are  followed  by  150  regulars  (1)  in  two 
files,  who  are  to  form  the  rear  of  the  fquare. 

The  referve  (7)  compofed  of  100  regulars  in  two 
files. 

The  reft  of  the  hunters  (2)  in  two  files. 


The  light  horfe  (3.) 

The  rear  guard  (5)  compofed  of  hunters,  fol- 
lows the  convoy  at  fome  diftance  and  clofes  the 
march.  The  fcouting  parties  (6)  who  flank  the 
line  of  march,  are  taken  from  the  hunters  and  light 
horfe,  and  pofted  as  in  plan  (Fig.  2),  fome  orderly 

light 


-■Awifcil   JiiM'iir.  i«rt.awi—Mt>iW 


130 


RefleSlions  on  the  War 


light  horfe  men,  attend  the  General  and  field  offi- 
cers who  command  the  grand  divifions,  to  carry 
their  orders.  Two  guards  of  light  horfe  take 
charge  of  the  cattle  (9.) 

The  convoy  (8)  proceeds  in  the  following  order. 

The  tools  and  ammunition  following  the  front 
column. 

The  baggage. 

The  cattle. 

The  provifions. 

The  whole  divided  into  Brigades,  and  the  horfes 
two  a  breafl. 

DEFILES. 

In  cafe  of  a  defile,  the  v/hole  halt  until  the 
ground  is  reconnoitred,  and  the  hunters  have 
taken  poflefTion  of  the  heights.  The  center  col- 
umn then  enters  into  the  defile,  followed  by  the 
right  face;  after  them  the  convoy;  then  the  left 
and  rear  face,  with  the  refcrvc,  the  light  horfe,  and 

the  rear  guard. 

The 


■yn 


MMMMMHI 


mm 


wm 


H^ith  the  Savages  of  North-America.        131 

The  whole  to  form  again  as  foon  as  the  ground 
permits. 

Disposition    to    receive    the    enemv,    Fig.  (3). 

The  whole  halt  to  form  the  fquare  or  parallello- 
gram,  which  is  done  thus.  The  two  firft  men  of 
the  center  column  (land  faft  at  two  yards  diftance. 
The  two  men  following  them,  ftep  forward  and 
port  themfelves  at  two  yards  on  the  right  and  left. 
The  others  come  to  the  front  in  the  fame  manner, 
till  the  two  files  have  formed  a  rank,  which  is  the 
front  of  the  fquare. 

The  rear  face  is  formed  by  the  two  file-leaders 
turning  to  the  center  road,  where  having  placed 
themfelves  at  two  yards  diftance,  they  face  out- 
wards, and  are  followed  by  their  fiies,  each  man 
porting  himfelf  on  their  right  or  left,  and  facing 
towards  the  enemy  the  moment  he  comes  to  his 
poft. 


As  foon  as  the  front  and  rear  are  extended  and 
formed,  the  two  long  faces,  who  have  in  the  mean 
time  faced  outwards,  join  now  the  extremities  of 
the  two  fronts  and  clofe  the  fquare  f. 


t  Thefe  evolutions  muft  be  performed  with  celerity. 


To 


■iBiiili 


■IHUiiiiliiii 


ilBiM 


^mmm 


m 


1^2 


Refiethons  on  the  tVur 


To     REDUCE      I'HK    SyUARE. 

The  right  and  left  of  the  front,  face  to  the 
center,  where  the  two  center  men  ftand  faft.  Upon 
the  word  "march"  thefe  ftep  forward  and  are  re- 
placed by  the  two  next,  who  follow  them,  and  fo 
on ;  by  which  means,  that  front  becomes  again  a 
column.  The  rear  goes  to  the  right  about,  and 
each  of  the  two  center  men  leads  again  to  the  fide 
paths  followed  by  the  reft. 

While  the  troops  form,  the  light  horfe  and  each 
divifion  of  the  convoy  take  the  ground  aftigned  to 
them  within  the  fquare,  as  if  they  were  to  encamp; 
and  the  horfes  being  unloaded,  two  parallel  lines 
will  be  formed,  with  the  bags  and  kegs  of  provi- 
fions,  to  cover  the  wounded  and  the  men  unfit  for 
a(5tion.  The  hunters  take  port  on  the  moft  advan- 
tageous ground  on  the  out  fide,  and  Ikirmifti  with 
the  enemy,  till  the  fquare  is  formed;  when,  upon 
receiving  their  orders,  they  retire  within  the  fquare, 
where  they  take  their  poft  as  in  Fig.  (3). 

The  fmall  parties  of  rangers  (5)  who  have 
flanked  the  line  of  march,  remain  on  the  outfide, 
to  keep  off  the  enemy  and  obferve  their  motions. 

When 


fSSSlMW^' 


fVith  the  Savages  of  North-America.        133 

When  the  firing  begins  the  troops  will  have 
orders  to  fall  on  their  knees,  to  be  lefs  expofed 
till  it  is  thought  proper  to  attack. 

Thc  four  faces,  formed  by  the  regular  troops,  are 
divided  into  platoons  chequered.  One  half,  com- 
pofed  of  the  heft  and  moft  adive  foldiers,  is  called 
the  firft  Firing,  and  the  other  half  the  fecond  Firing. 

The  eight  platoons  at  the  angles  are  of  the 
fecond  Firing,  in  order  to  preferve  the  form  of  the 
fquare  during  the  attack. 

It  is  evident  that,  by  this  difpofition,  the  con- 
voy is  well  covered,  and  the  light  troops,  deftined 
for  the  charge,  remain  concealed;  and  as  all  unex- 
peded  events  during  an  engagement  are  apt  to 
ftrike  terror,  and  create  confufion,  among  the 
enemy,  it  is  natural  to  exped  that  the  favages  will 
be  greatly  difconcerted  at  the  fudden  and  unfore- 
ktn  eruption,  that  will  foon  pour  upon  them  from 
the  infide  of  the  fquare;  and  that,  being  vigor- 
oufly  attacked  in  front  and  flank  at  the  fame  time, 
they  will  neither  be  able  to  refill,  nor,  when  once 
broke,  have  time  to  rally,  fo  as  to  make  another 
ftand.  This  may  be  effeded  in  the  following 
manner. 

GENERAL 


'34 


ReAe^lions  on  the  War 


GENERAL  ATTACK,  Fig.  IV. 


The  Regulars  (i)  ftand  faft. 

Thc  hunters  (2)  faily  out,  in  four  columns, 
thro'  the  intervals  of  the  front  and  rear  of  the 
fquare,  followed  by  the  light  horfe  (3)  with  their 
bloodhounds.  The  intervals  of  the  two  columns 
who  attack  in  the  front,  and  of  thofe  who  attack 
in  the  rear,  will  be  clofed  by  the  little  parties  of 
rangers  (5)  polled  at  the  angles  of  the  fquare,  each 
attack  forming  in  that  manner,  three  fides  of  a 
parallelogram.  In  that  order  they  run  to  the 
enemy  (X)  and  having  forced  their  way  through 
their  circle,  fall  upon  their  flanks;  by  wheeling  to 
their  right  and  left,  and  charging  with  impetuofity. 
The  moment  they  take  the  enemy  in  flank,  the 
Firfl  Firing  of  the  regular  troops  march  out 
briflcly  and  attack  the  enemy  in  front.  The 
platoons  detached  in  that  manner  from  the  two 
Ihort  faces,  proceed  only  about  one  hundred  yards 
to  their  front,  where  they  halt  to  cover  the  fquare, 
while  the  reft  of  the  troops  who  have  attacked 
purfue  the  enemy,  till  they  are  totally  difperfed, 
not  giving  them  time  to  recover  themfelves. 

The 


fVith  the  Savages  of  North- America.       \  3  5 

The  ficlc  and  wounded,  unable  to  march  or 
ride,  are  tranfported  in  litters  made  of  flour  bags, 
through  which  two  long  poles  are  pafled,  and  kept 
afunder  by  two  flicks,  tied  acrofs  beyond  the  head 
and  feet  to  ftretch  the  bag.  Each  litter  is  carried 
by  two  horfes 

These  remarks  might  have  been  extended  to 
many  other  cafes  that  may  occur  in  the  courfe  of  a 
campaign  or  of  an  engagement,  but  it  is  hoped 
this  fketch  will  be  fufficient  to  evince  the  neceffity 
of  fome  alteration  in  our  ordinary  method  of 
proceeding  in  an  Indian  war. 


ntii'wawu 


APPENDIX     I  . 

CONSTRUCTION    OF    FORTS 
AGAINST  INDIANS. 


A  S  we  have  not  to  guard  here  againft  cannon, 
^  ^  the  fyftem  of  European  fortifications  may- 
be laid  afide,  as  expend ve,  and  not  anfwering  the 
purpofe.  Forts  againft  Indians,  being  commonly 
remote  from  our  fettlements,  require  a  great  deal 
of  room  to  lodge  a  fufficient  quantity  of  ftores 
and  provifions,  and  at  the  fame  time  ought  to  be 
defenfible  with  one  half  of  their  compleat  garri- 
fons,  in  cafe  of  detachments  or  convoys. 

I  AM  therefore  of  opinion  that  a  fquare  or  pen- 
tagon, with  a  block-houfe  of  brick  or  (lone*  at 
every  angle,  joined  by  a  wall  flanked  by  the  biock- 
houfes,  would    be    the    beft    defence  againft  fuch 

Experience  has  demonftrated  that  fortifications  made  of 
wood  decay  very  foon,  and  are  on  that  account  of  ccnfiderable 
expence. 

enemies. 


138 


Appendix  I. 


enemies.  A  ditch  from  feven  to  eight  feet  deep 
might  be  added,  with  loop  holes  in  the  cellars  of 
the  block-houfes  fix  feet  from  the  ground,  to  de- 
fend the  ditch. 

Along  the  infide  of  the  curtains  the  traders 
might  build  houfes  and  ftores,  covered  as  well  as 
the  block-houfes  with  tiles,  or  flate,  to  guard 
againft  fire  arrows.  There  will  remain  a  fpacious 
area  for  free  air  and  ufe,  in  which  as  well  as  in  the 
ditch,  gardens  might  be  made  ind  wells  dug. 

The  powder  magazines  might  be  placed  in  the 
center  of  the  area,  keeping  only  a  fmall  quantity 
of  cartridges  in  each  block-houfe  for  prefent  ufe. 

The  garrifons  of  fuch  forts  would  be  free  from 
furprizes,  even  if  they  had  no  centries,  for  nothing 
can  get  at  them,  while  the  doors  are  well  bolted 
and  barred. 

Some   reasons   for    keeping   possession   of  our 

LARGE    forts    IN    THE    InDIAN    COUNTRY, 

As  thefe  forts  have  been  one  of  the  caufes  of 
the  J  aft  war  and  are  a  great  eye-fore  to  the  favages, 
they  have  bent    their  chief  efforts  againft  them; 

and 


Appendix  I. 


M9 


and  therefore,  while  thus  employed,  they  have  been 
lefs  able  to  diftrefs  our  fettlements.  Our  torts 
keep  the  Indian  towns  at  a  great  diftance  from  us. 
Fort-Pitt  has  effedually  driven  them  beyond  the 
Ohio,  and  made  them  remove  their  fettlements  at 
leaft  60  miles  further  weftward.  Was  it  not  for 
thefe  forts,  they  would  fettle  clofe  on  our  borders, 
and  in  time  of  war  infeft  us  evoy  day  in  -ch 
numbers  as  would  over-power  the  thin  inhabitimts 
fcattered  on  our  extenfive  frontier.  T'.'  farmer 
unablr  t;,  fow  or  reap  would  foon  fall  back  on  wur 
chief  towns,  or  qjit  the  country  for  want  o<  biead. 
In  eithe'-  cafe,  what  would  be  the  fate  o\  the  huge 
towns  burthened  with  the  whole  country,  and  de- 
prived of  fubfiftance  and  of  the  materials  of  trade 
and  export  ? 


The  deftrudion  of  thefe  forts  being,  in  time 
of  war,  the  chief  aim  of  the  favages,  they  gather 
about  them  to  diftrefs  the  garrifons,  and  to  attack 
the  convoys  ;  thereby  giving  us  an  opportunity  to 
fight  them  in  a  body,  and  to  ftrike  a  heavy  blow, 
which  otherwife  they  would  never  put  in  our  power, 
as  their  advantage  lies  in  furprizes,  which  are  heft 
effeded  by  fmall  numbers.  Experience  has  con- 
vinced them  that  it  is  not  in  th'^ir  power  to  break 
thofe   fhackles,  and   therefore  it  is  not   probable 

that 


I40 


Appendix  I. 


that  they  will  renew  the  attempt ;  and  our  pofts 
will  continue  a  check  upon  them,  and  fave  the 
difficulty  and  expence  of  taking  poft  again  in  their 
country.  Our  forts  are  likewife  the  proper  places 
for  trade,  which  being  clofely  infpeded,  it  will  be 
eafy  for  us  to  limit  their  fupplies,  to  fuch  com- 
modities as  they  cannot  turn  againft  us,  and  to 
put  a  fpeedy  flop  to  all  juft  caufes  of  complaints, 
by  giving  inynediate  redrefs. 

A  FEW  forts,  with  ftrong  gorrifons,  I  fhould 
judge  to  be  of  more  fervice  than  a  greater  number 
weakly  guarded.  In  the  laft  war  we  loft  all  our 
fmall  pofts ;  but  our  more  confiderable  ones, 
Detroit  and  Fort-Pitt,  refifted  all  the  efforts  of 
the  favages,  by  the  ftrength  of  their  garrifons. 


APPENDIX 


APPENDIX    11. 

^  I^HE  following  Paper  was  written  by  an  Officer 
-■■  well  acquainted  with  the  places  he  defcribes  ; 
and  is  thought  worthy  of  a  place  here,  as  every 
thing  is  material  which  can  encreafe  our  knowledge 
of  the  vaft  countries  ceded  to  us  and  of  the  vari- 
ous nations  that  inhabit  them. 

Account  of  the  French   forts  ceded  to  Great 
Britain  in   Louisiana. 


The    fettlement    of   the    Illinois    being   in    40 
degrees   of    latitude,  is   500    leagues   from    Ne 
Orleans  by  water  and  350  by  land. 


w- 


The  moft  proper  time  of  the  year  for  going 
there,  is  the  beginning  of  February.  The  waters 
of  the  Miffifippi  are  then  high,  and  the  country 
being  overflowed,  there  is  lefs  to  fear  from  the 
favages,  who  are  hunting  in  that  feafon. 

The 


142 


Appendix  TI. 


The  encampments  fhould  be  on  the  left  of  the 
river,  as  the  enemies  are  on  the  right,  and  cannot 
have  a  fufficient  number  of  crafts  to  crofs  if  their 
party  is  large. 

They  generally  attack  at  day-break,  or  at  the 
time  of  embarking. 

The  inhabitants  might  bring  provifions  half 
way,  if  they  were  allowed  good  pay. 

The  Delawares  and  Shawanefe  lie  near  Fort  Du 
Quefne,t  which  is  about  500  leagues  from  the 
Illinois.  The  Wiandots  and  Ottawas,  (who  are  at 
the  Detroit)  are  about  250  leagues  from  the  Illi- 
nois by  land.    And  the  Miamis  about  200  by  land 

Nevertheless  as  intelligence  is  carried  very  fill 
by  the  Savages,  and  as  all  the  nations  with  whom 
we  are  at  war,  can  come  by  the  Ohio,  J  we  mull 
be  vigilant  to  prevent  a  furprize. 

The 

■j"  So  the  French  formerly  called  what  is  now  Fort  Pitt. 

J  Part  of  the  navigation  of  the  Ohio,  from  Fort-Pitt  is  de 
fcribed  as  follows,  viz. 

That  the  difficult  part  of  the  river  is  from  Fort-Pitt  about  50  or 
60  miles  downwards.  There  are  52  iflands  between  Fort-Pitt 
and  the  lower  Shawanefe  town  on  Scioto  ;  and  none  of  them 

difficult 


Appendix  11, 


143 


The  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  in  the  MilTifippi,  is  35 
leagues  from  the  Illinois. 

Thirteen  leagues  from  the  Miffifippi,  on  the 
left  of  the  Ohio,  is  Fort  Maffiac,  or  Aflumption, 
built  in  1757,  a  little  below  the  mouth  of  the 
river  Cherokeef.  It  is  only  a  ftockade,  with  four 
baftions  and  eight  pieces  of  cannon.  It  may  con- 
tain 100  men.  In  four  days  one  may  go  by  land, 
from  this  fort  to  the  Illinois. 

It  is  of  confequence  for  the  Englifti  to  preferve 
it,  as  it  fecures  the  communication  between  the 
Illinois  and  Fort-Pitt. 


Fort  Vincennes,  which  is  the  laft  poft  belonging 
to   Louifiana,  is   upon   the  river  OuabacheJ,   60 

difficult  to  pafs  in  the  night,  but  one  at  the  mouth  of  Muf- 
kingham,  occafioned  by  a  number  of  trees  lying  in  the  channel. 
From  the  lower  Shawanefe  Town  to  the  falls,  there  are  but  8  or  9 
iflands.  At  the  falls,  the  river  is  very  broad,  with  only  one  paf- 
fage  on  the  eaft  fide,  in  which  there  is  water  enough  at  all  feafons 
of  the  year  to  pafs  without  difficulty.  Below  the  falls,  the  navi- 
gation is  every  way  clear  down  to  the  Miffifippi. 

t  River  Cherokee  falls  into  the  Ohio  about  800  miles  below 
Fort-Pitt.  This  river  is  in  general  wide  and  Ihoal  up  to  the 
fouth  mountain,  paflable  only  with  bark  canoes,  after  which  it 
grows  very  fmall. 

|Ouabache  or  Wabafli  empties  itfelf  into  the  Ohio  about  60 
miles  above  the  Cherokee  river,  on  the  oppoftte  or  well  fide. 

leagues 


144 


Appendix  II. 


leagues  from  its  conflux  with  the  Ohio.  It  is  a 
fmall  ftockade  fort,  in  which  there  may  be  about 
20  foidiers.  There  are  alfo  a  few  inhabitants. 
The  foil  is  extremely  fertile,  and  produces  plenty 
of  corn  and  tobacco. 

The  diftance  from  this  fort  to  the  Illinois,  is 
155  leagues  by  water.  And  it  may  be  travelled 
by  land  in  fix  days. 

Tne  nation  of  favages  living  at  this  pofl:  is 
called  Pianquicha.     It  can  furnifti  60  warriors. 

Altho'  we  do  not  occupy  Fort  Vincennes  at 
prefent,  yet  it  would  be  of  the  utmoft  confe- 
quence  for  us  to  fettle  it,  as  there  is  a  communi- 
cation from  it  with  Canada,  by  going  up  the 
Ouabache. 

From  this  poft  to  the  Ouachtanons  is  60 
leagues,  and  from  thence  to  the  Miamis  (ftill 
going  up  the  Ouabache)  is  60  leagues  further  ; 
then  there  is  a  portage  of  fix  leagues  to  the  river 
Miamis,  and  you  go  down  that  river  24  leagues 
to  Lake  Erie. 


Mr.  Daurby  went  by  that  route  in  1759  from 

the 


Appendix  II. 


'45 


the   Illinois  to   Venango ||,   with  above  400  men, 
and  two  hundred  thoufand  weight  of  flour. 

Thirty-five  leagues  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Ohio,  in  going  up  the  MiHiftppi,  on  the  right,  is 
the  river  Kafkafquias.  Two  leagues  up  this  river, 
on  the  left,  is  the  fettlement  of  the  Kalkalquias, 
which  is  the  mort  vonfiderabie  of  the  Illinois. 


river 


There  is  a  fort  built  upon  the  height  on  the 
other  fide  of  the  river,  over  againft  Kaf]<afquias, 

][  By  the  above  paper  the  rout  is  given  up  the  Miflifippi.  part 
of  the  Ohio,  and  up  the  Ouahache  to  Fort  Viiicenncs,  and  like- 
wife  to  the  Illinois.  Again  from  Vincennes  and  the  Ouachta- 
nons  by  water,  on  the  wefterly  communicarion  to  the  Mianii-. 
portage,  then  by  water  down  that  river  by  the  eallerly  rout  into 
Lake  Erie,  proceeding  as  far  as  Prclqu'  Ifle,  then  by  the  15  m. 
portage  into  Buffalo  or  Beef  river,  lately  called  French  creek, 
then  down  the  fame  to  Venango  on  the  Ohio.  Ivi  order,  there- 
fore, to  carry  this  rout  IHU  further,  we  fhal!  continue  it  trom 
Venango  to  the  mouth  of  Juniata  in  Sufqueiianiiah,  which  brings 
it  within  the  fettled  parts  of  Pennfylvania,  viz. 

From    Venango    to    Licking    creek,    10   miles.     To    Tobv's 
creek,  13.      To  a  fmall  creek,  i.     To  the  parting  of  the  road,  5 
To  a  large  run,  3.      To  Lcycaumevhoning,  9.     To  Pine  creek, 
7.     To  Chuckcaughting,   8.      To   Weeling   creek,  4.     To   the 
croffing  of  ditto,  4.      To  a  mi:     fwamp,   8.      To  the  head  cf 
Sufquehanna,  10.      To  Mevtauning  creek,   18.      To  Clear  Field 
creek,  6.      To  the   top  of  Allegheny,    i.     To    the  other   fid; 
ditto,  6.      To   fieaver  dams,   5.      To  Franks  town,  5.      To  the 
Canoe  place,  6.     To  the  mouth  of  Juniatta,   wo.     Total  239 
miles. 

which, 


14.6 


Appendix  II. 


which,    as    the    river    is    narrow,    commands    and 
protecfls  the  town. 

I  don't  know  how  many  guns  there  may  be, 
nor  how  many  men  it  may  contain.  There  may 
be  about  400  inhabitants. 

The  Illinois  Indians,  called  Kaikafquias,  are 
fettled  half  a  league  from  the  town;  and  are  able 
to  turn  out  100  warriors.  They  are  very  lazy  and 
great  drunkards. 

Six  leagues  from  Kaikafquias,  on  the  bank  of 
the  Miflifippi,  is  Fort  Chartres,  built  of  ftone, 
and  can  contain  300  foldiers.  There  may  be  20 
cannon  at  mod,  and  about  100  inhabitants  round 
Chartres. 


The  Illinois  Indians  at  that  place,  who  are 
called  Metchis,  can  furnilli  40  warriors. 

Between  the  Kaikafquias,  and  Fort  Chartres, 
is  a  fmall  village,  called  La  prairie  du  Rocher 
(the  Rock  Meadow)  containing  about  50  white 
inhabitants;  but  there  is  neither  fort  nor  favages. 

Near  Fort  Chartres  is  a  little  village,  in  which 

is 


Appendix  II. 


H7 


are 


is  about  a  fcore  of  inhabitants.     Here  are  neither 
(avages  nor  fort. 

Fifteen  leagues  from  Fort  Chartres,  going  up 
the  Miflifippi,  is  the  village  of  the  Cafquiars. 
There  is  a  fmall  ftockade  fort;  I  don't  know  if 
there  is  any  cannon.  There  may  be  about  ico 
inhabitants. 

The  Illinois  Indians  living  near  this  village  are 
called  Cafquiars,  and  can  turn  out  60  warriors. 

I  COMPUTE  that  there  are  about  300  Negroes  at 
the  Illinois. 

The  country  of  the  Illinois  is  fertile,  producing 
good  wheat  and  corn.  All  kinds  of  European 
fruits  fucceed  there  furprizingly  well,  and  they 
have  wild  grapes  with  which  they  make  tolerable 
wine.     Their  beer  is  pretty  good. 

There  are  mines  of  lead,  and  fome  fait.     They 
make  fugar  of  maple,  and  there  are  ftone  quarries. 


APPENDIX 


148 


Appendix  III. 


APPENDIX    III. 


ROUT  from  Philadelphia  to  Fort-Pitt. 


Froiii  Philadelphia  to  Lancailer 

to  Carlifle 
to  Shipper) iturgh 
to  Fort  Loudoun 
to  Fort  Littleton 
to  the  crofling  of 

the  Juniata 
to  Fort  Bedford 
to  the  croffing  of 

Stonev  creek 
to  Fort  fyigonier 
to  Fort  Pitt 


1  Milea 

firs. 

66 

0 

55 

0 

22 

0 

24 

3 

17 

3 

18 

3 

i    '^ 

3 

29 

0 

20 

I 

'    56 

0 

324  ' 

2 

Per. 

38 

00 

00 

00 

00 

00 
00 

39 

43 

00 

40 


APPENDIX 


Appendix  IF. 


149 


APPENDIX     I  \  . 


Per. 


Number  of  Indian  Towns,  fifiiated  on  nmi  near 
the  Ohio  River,  and  its  branches,  with  their 
diftances  from  Fort-Pitt,  and  the  dillaiuts  of 
the  principal  branches  from  each  other  ;it  their 
conflux  with  the  Ohio. 


00 
00 

39 

43 

00 


j    Diftancf  I  DiiUniir 
,  from  one   ■      tio'ii 
I   another.     Fort-Pitt. 


First  ROUT  about  N.  N.  W.   i  Miles   1  M.lcs 


From  Fort  Pitt  to  KufhkufkiesTown  on  | 

Mig  Beavci-Creek 
up  the  eait  branch  ofBea- , 

ver-Creek  to  Shaningo  j 

J  up  ditto  to   Peniaiuning! 

to  Mohoning     on      the  \ 

Welt  branch  ol"  Bea-  j 

ver  Creek 
up    the    branch    to    Salt 

Lick 
to  Cayahoga  River 
to     Ottawas     town     on 

Cayahoga 


15 
12 


32 

10 

3^1 

101 


45 


60 


104. 

114 

146 

.56 


Second 


ISO 


Appendix  IV. 


Second  ROUT  W.   N.  W. 

From   PoRi    Pitt  to  the    mouth  of  Big 

Beaver-Creek 
to   Tufcarawas 
to     Mohickon     John's 

Town 
to  Junumlat  or  Wyan- 
dot town 
to  Sandull^y 
to  Junqueindundeh 


Diftame     Diftancc 
from   one  ;      from 
another,  |  Fort-Pitt 


Miles      Miles 


9' 

25 
116 

5^5 

166 

46 

4 
24 

l\2 
21O 

240 

Thfrd  rout  about  W.  S.  W. 


from  Fort  Pitt  to  the    Forks    of    the 

Mufkingham 
to    Bullet's    Town   on 

Mufkingham 
to  Waukatamike 
to  King  Beaver's  Town 
on  the  heads  of  the 
Hockhocking 
to  the  lower  Shawanefe 
Town  on  Sioto  River 
to   the  Salt   Lick   town 
on  the  heads  of  Sioto 
to  the  Miamis  Fort 


6 

10 


27  j 

40; 

i 

25! 
190  i 


128 

134 

144 


i;' 


2ir 

236 
429 


Fourth 


appendix  IV. 


'51 


Miles 


25 

i66 

212 
2l6 

240 


128 

'34 
144 


I"' 


2ir 

236 

429 


Fourth    ROUT  down   the  Ohio; 
general  courfe  about  S.  W. 

By  water  from  Fort  Pitt  to  the  mouth 

of  Big  Beaver  Creek 

to  the  mouth  of  Little 

Beaver  Creek 
to  the  mouth  of  Yellow 

Creek 
to  the  two  Creeks 
to  Weeling 
to  Pipe  Hill 
to  the  long  Reach 
to  the  foot  of  the  Reach 
to  the  mouth  of  Muf- 

kingham  River 
to   the   little    Canhawa 

river 
to  the  mouth  of  Hock- 
hocking  river 
to  the  mouth  of  Letort's 

creek 
to  Kiflceminetas 
to   the    mouth    of    big 

Canhawa  or  new  river 
to   the    mouth    of    big 

Sandy  creek 
to  the  mouth  of  Sioto 

river 
to  the    mouth    of   big 

Salt  Lick  river 
to  the  Ifland 


i   Diftance     Diftancc 
I  from  one        tVum 
another.      Fort-Pitt. 


Miles      Mil 


12 


cs 


39 


10 

49 

18 

67 

6 

73 

12 

«5 

30 

115 

18 

133 

30 

'63 

12 

'75 

'3 

188 

40 

228 

33 

261 

8 

269 

40 

309 

40 

349 

30 

379 

20 

399 

to  the 

152 


Appendix  ly. 


Dilbncr      Diltantc 
from  one  \     tVom 
another.     Fort-Pitt 


Miles    !  Miles 


55        454 


30 

484 

20 

504 

55 

559 

50 

6oq 

131 

740 

60 

800 

40 

840 

to  the   mouth  of   little 

Mineamie  or   Miam- 

mce t  liver 
to    big     Mrammce    or 

Rocky  river 
to  the  6ig  Bones  J 
to  Kentucky  River 
to  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio 
to  the  Wabalh,  or  Oua- 

bache 
to  Cherokee  River 
to  the  Milfifippi 


N.  B.  The  places  mentioned  in  the  three  firft 
Routs  are  delineated  in  the  foregoing  map,  by  an 
officer  who  has  an  adual  knowledge  of  moft  of 
them,  and  has  long  ferved  againft  the  Indians. 
The  Fourth  Rout  down  the  Ohio  was  given  by  an 
Indian  trader,  who  has  often  pafled  from  Fort-Pitt 
to  the  Flails  ;  and  the  diftances  he  gives  of  the 
mouths  of  the  feveral  rivers  that  fall  into  the  Ohio 
may  be  pretty  certainly  depended  on.  Our  maps 
hitherto  publifhed  are  very  erroneous  in  placing 
feme  of  thofe  rivers. 


fThefe  rivers,  called  Little  and  Great  Mineamie  or  Mianimee, 
fall  into  the  Ohio  between  Sioto  and  the  Ouabache,  and  are 
different  from  the  Miamis  river,  which  runs  into  the  weft  end  ot 
lake  Erie,  below  the  Miamis  fort. 

X  So  called  from  Elephant's  bones  faid  to  be  found  there. 

APPENDIX 


Appendix  V. 


'53 


APPENDIX     V. 


454 

484 

504 

559 

6oq 

740 
800 
840 


Names  of  different  Indian  Nations  in  North- 
America,  with  the  Numbers  of  their  Fighting 
Men;  referred  to  in  the  Note,  page  94. 

THE  jollowing  lift  was  drawn  up  by  a  French 
trader,  a  perfon  of  confuierable  note,  who 
has  refided  many  years  among  the  Indians,  and 
ftill  continues  at  Detroit,  having  taken  the  oaths 
of  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain.  His 
account  may  be  depended  on,  fo  far  as  matters  of 
this  kind  can  be  brought  near  the  truth;  a  great 
part  of  it  being  delivered  from  his  own  perfonal 
knowlege. 

Warriors 

Conawag)irunas,  near  the  falls  of  St.  Louis     -     -         200 
Abenaquis,   "]  35° 

Michmacs,       c     t  t    i-  7°° 

*  A^  in.        l-St.  Lawrence  Indians  '    -, 

*  Amaliftes,  (  55° 

♦Chalas,       J  13° 

Nipiflins,        )'.ivir.g  towards  the  heads  of  the  400 

Algonquins,  J           Ottawa  river  3^^° 

Les  Tctes  de  Boule,  or  Round  Heads,  near  the  above  2500 

Six  Nations,  on  the  frontiers  of  New- York,  &c.     -  1550 

Wiandots,  near  lake  Erie     --------  300 

oJtaw^s'  I  ^^^^  ^^^  ^^^^^  Superior  and  Michigan     5^°° 

Meflefagues, 


154 


Appendix  V. 


Warriors 

Meffefagues,  or  River  Indians,  being  wandering  tribes, 

on  the  lakes  Huron  and  Superior,    -     -     -     -     2000 

Powtewatamis,  near  St.  Jofeph's  and  Detroit     -     -       350 

Les  Puans,  )  o  u       7o6 

r  II  •  \xT\y  r\      t   j-         > near  ruans  bay    ' 

rolle  avoine,  or  Wild-Oat  Indians  )  ^    350 

*  Mechecouakis,  ^  250 
Sakis,  V  South  of  Puans  bay  400 
Mafcoutens,  j  500 
Ouifconfins,  on  a  river  of  that  name,  falling  into  the 

Miffifippi  on  the  eaft-fide     -------    550 

Chriftir.aux,  1  far  north,  near  the  lakes  3000 

Afiinaboes,  or  Affinipouals  /      of  the  fame  name        1500 
Blancsf  Barbus,  or  White  Indians  with  Beards      -     1500 
Sioux,  of  the  meadows    1  towards  the  heads  of  2500 

Sioux,  of  the  woods         J  Miffifippi  1800 

Miflburi,  on  the  river  of  that  name      -----  3000 

♦Grandes  Eaux     -----------  1000 

Ofages,  ^  600 

Canfes,  1600 

Panis  blancs,   >  fouth  of  Miflburi  2000 

Panis  piques,  1700 

Padoucas,  5°° 

Ajoues,  north  of  the  fame     -     -     -     -     -     --         11 00 

Arkanfes,  on  the  river  that  bears  their  name,  falling 

into  Miffifippi  on  the  weft  fide 2000 

Alibamous,  a  tribe  of  the  Creeks        -----      600 

*  Ouanakina      ^  300 

*  Chiakanefl'ou       Unknown,  unlefs  the  author  has  put   35° 

*  Machecous      >        1         ri         fL/-<i  ooo 
lYxa    ic^  U9      ^      ^^^^  ^     xx\\iG%  of  the  Creeks 

*  Caouitas  700 

*  Souikilas  I  200 
Miamis,  upon  the   river  of  that  name,  falling   into 


Lake  Erie, 


350 


f  They  live  to  the  northweft,  and  the  French,  when  they 
firll  faw  them,  took  them  for  Spaniards. 

Delawares 


iVarriors 
)es, 

-  2000 

.ay  706 

^  350 

250 

400 

500 

he 

-  550 

;s  3000 

1500 

1500 

2500 
1800 

-  3000 

-  1000 

600 
1600 
2000 
1700 

500 

1 1 00 

2000 
600 
300 

t   350 

800 

700 
200 
o 

350 


appendix  V.  j  ^ , 

Warriors 

Uelawares  (les  Loups)  on  the  Ohio 600 

Shawanefe  on  Sioto ,^^ 

Kickapoos      )  '     "     '     "  ^00 

Ouachtanons  Von  the  Ouabache  ^qq 

Peanquichas  j  \ 

Kaflcafquias,  or  Illinois  in  general,  on  the  Illinois 

.  river __  ,^^ 

*rianna       ..._ __     g 

Catawbas,  on  the  frontiers  of  North-Carolina      -    -     i  co 

Cherokees,  behind  South-Carolina 2^00 

Chickafaws^  -.^ 

Natchez       l  Mobile  and  Miffifippi  j^o 

Chaaaws    J  4^00 

56.500 


The  above  lift  confifts  chiefly  of  fuch  Indians 
as  the  French  were  conneded  with  in  Canada  and 
Louifiana.  Wherever  we  knew  the  names  by 
which  the  different  nations  are  diftinguiftied  by 
the  Englifli,  we  have  inferted  them.  But  the 
orthography  is  yet  very  unfettled,  and  the  feveral 
nations  marked  with  an  *  afterifm  are  unknown  to 
us,  and  therefore  they  are  left  as  they  ftand  in  the 
original  lift. 

So  large  a  number  of  fighting  men  may  ftartle 
us  at  firft  fight;  but  the  account  feems  no  where 
exaggerated,  excepting  only  that  the  Catawba 
nation  is  now  almoft  extind.     In  fome   nations 

which 


,56 


Appendix  V. 


which  we  are  acquainted  with,  the  account  falls 
even  (hort  of  their  numbers ;  and  fome  others  do 
not  appear  to  be  mentioned  at  all,  or  at  leaft  not 
by  any  name  known  to  us. 

Such,  for  inftance,  are  the  Lower  Creeks,  of 
whom  we  have  a  lift  according  to  their  towns.  In 
this  lift  their  warriors  or  gunfmen  are  1180,  and 
their  inhabitants  about  6000.  Thus  a  compara- 
tive judgment  may  be  formed  of  the  nations 
above-mentioned;  the  number  of  whofe  inhab- 
itants will  (in  this  proportion  to  their  warriors, 
viz.  5  to  i)  be  about  283,000 


THE  END. 
I 


'^ 


I  ND  EX. 


Amherll,  Genl.,  Commander-in-Chief,  9. 
Armsfuitable  for  Indian  warfare,  113. 
Artificers,  organization  of  117. 
Attack,  mode  of  general,  134. 

Beaver,  chief  of  the  Turky  Tribe  of  Delawares,  53,  63. 

Benfivafica,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  70  ;  fpeech,  74. 

Big  Beaver  Creek,  Bouquet  croffes,  46. 

Bouquet,  Henry.     Biographical  Sketch.     Charader,  xvii  ;  enters 
the  service  of  the  King  of  Sardinia  ;   battle  of  Cony,  xviii ; 
ferves  the  Prince  of  Orange;  accompanies  Lord  Middlcton  to 
Italy;  lludies  military   art,  xix ;    appointed   to  command   in 
Royal  American   Corps,   xxi;  arrives  in  America,   xxii  ;  his 
death  at  Penfacola,  xxiii ;  fent  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Pitt,  10; 
arrives  at  Carlide,  10 ;  at  Fort  Bedford,  15;  at  Fort  Ligonier, 
16;  Battle  of  Bufhy  Run,  16-25;  arrives  at  Fort  Pitt.  25; 
Moncrief's  "  Orders,"  27  ;  Expedition  againll  the  Ohio  In- 
dians,   1-81   (fee  under  Expedition);  return  to  Fort  Pitt;  to 
Philadelphia,   81  ;    addrefs  of  the  Pennfylvania  General  Af- 
fembly,  82;  Bouquet's  anfwer,  84;  refolves  of  Houfe  of  Bur- 
geffes  of  Virginia,  Bouquet's  reply,  86 ;  promoted,  87. 
Bradftreet's  Expedition,  xv,  31  ;  treaty  with  Indians,  36;  dif- 

approved  by  Genl.  Gage,  36  ;  defpatchcs  to  Bouquet,  62. 
Buftiy  Run,  Battle  of,  16-25. 

Carlide, 


158 


Index. 


Carlifle,  Penn.,  Bouquet  arrives  at,  10. 

Gafquair's  Village  and  Tribe,  147. 

Cherokee  River,  143. 

Clayton,  Lieut.  Col.  Pennfylvania  troops,  87. 

Clothing  fuitable  for  foldiers,  iii. 

Croghan,  George,  deputy  of  Sir  W.  Johnfon,  treats  with  the 

Shawanefe,  89. 
Cumberland,  Duke  of,  xx. 
Gustaloga,  chief  of  the  Wolfe-tribe  of  Delawares,  53,  63. 

Dalyell,  Capt.,  sent  to  relieve  Detroit,  9. 

Daurby,  Mrs.  144. 

Defiles  compaiTed,  130. 

Difpofition  to  receive  the  enemy,  131. 

Detroit  befieged,  8. 

Diftanccs  from  Fort  Pitt  to  Cuyahoga,  149. 

*'  "         "         "     Junqucindundeh,  150. 

««         *'         "         "     Miamis  Fort,  150. 

*»         "         "         "     Miffifippi,  151. 

"         «♦         Philadelphia  to  Fort  Pitt,  148. 

««         '«  Venango  to  Juniatta,  145. 

Dogs,  ufe  of,  in  Indian  warfare,  1 16. 
Duffaux,  Col.  Jofeph,  of  Royal  Americans,  xx. 

Ecuyer,  Capt.,  commands  at  Fort  Pitt,  9. 

Encampment,  plan  of  an,  127. 

Eweccunwee,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  70. 

Exercifcs  of  foldiers,  114. 

Expedition  againft  the  Ohio  Indians  1-81  ;  Bouquet  arrives  at 
Fort  Loudoun,  34;  at  Fort  Pitt,  35;  fends  meffage  to  the 
Indians,  37 ;  prepares  to  march  into  Ohio,  39 ;  addrefs  to 
troops,  40;  order  of  march,  41;    leaves  Fort  Pitt,  44;  at 

Loggftown, 


Index. 


159 


Loggftown,  4s;   crolTes  Big  Beaver  Creek,  46;  erodes  Little 
Beaver  Creek,  47;  at  Yellow  Creek.   48;  at    Nemenfliehelas 
Creek,  49;  at    Mufkingum  River.  90  ;  couriers  to  Bradilreet 
obliged  to  return,  50  ;  treats  with   the  Indians,  52;  fpeech  tc 
them,   ?3;  delivery  of  prifoners,  58;  reiumes  march,  croffes 
Margaret  Creek,  59 ;  encamps  at  forks  of  Mufkingum  and  for- 
tifies, 60;  meffengers  from  the  Indians.  61  ;  defpatches  from 
Col.  Bradlbeet,  62  ;  treats  with  the  Senecas  and  Delawares, 
Kiyaihutas'   fpeech.   66,     Bouquet'-s  anfwer,   67 ;    treats  with 
Turky  and   Turtle   Tribes,  63  :  depofes  Nettowhatways,  69  ; 
treats  with  Shawanefe  ;   Red  Hawke's  fpe?ch,  70;  Bouquet's 
anfwer,  72;   BeneviHico's  fpeech,  and  the  anfwer,  74;  arrival 
of  prifoners  in  camp,  76  ;  return  to  Fort  Pitt.  81. 

Fort  Afi'umption,  143. 

Fort  Bedford  reinforced,  14;  Bouquet  arrives  at,  15. 

Fort  Chartres,  146. 

Fort    Ligonier   attacked.    13;    reinforced,   14;  Bouquet  arrives 

at,  i6. 
Fort  Loudoun,  Bouquet  arrives  at,  ^. 
Fort  Pitt  befieged,  8. 

Forts,  conftruftion  of,  againft  Jndian.s,  137. 
Forty-fecond  regiment,  10,  32. 

Fox,  Jofeph,  Speaker  of  Pennfylvania  General  Aifembly,  83. 
Francis,  Lieut.  Col.  of  Pennfylvania  troops,  87. 
French  ceflion  of  Canada,  etc.,  3. 
French  Forts  in  Louifiana  ceded,  \\i 
Frontiers  over-run  by  the  Indians,  6. 

Gage,  Genl.,  Commander-in-Chief,   51;  refufes  to  ratify  Brad- 

ftreet's  treaty,  36. 
Gladwin,  Major,  at  Detroit,  xiv,  8. 
Great  Mineamic  or  Miammee  River,  152. 

Hutchins, 


___ 


1 


i6o 


Index. 


Hutchins,  Thomas,  xv. 

Illinois  River,  143, 

Indian  charad^er,  xii ;  temper  and  genius,  95. 

Indian  nations,  names  of,  and  number  of  warriors,  153. 

Indian  towns  on  or  near  the  Onio  River,  149. 

Indian  tribes — 

Cafquairs,  147. 

Caughnawagas,  63,  75. 

Chipwas,  31,  56. 

Delawares,  5,  31,  36,  39,  45,  46,  51,  58,  62,  65,  66,  68,  73, 
7;,  89,  142. 

Kafkafqiiais,  146. 

Metches,  146. 

Mingoes,  31,  46. 

Mohiekons,  31. 

Ottawas,  31,  56,  63. 

Pianquichas,  144. 

Senecas.  52,  66,  73,  75,  89,  142. 

Shawanefe,  5,  31,  36,  39,  45,  46,  51,  $8,  62,  64,  65,  68,  70, 
75,88,  142. 

Six  Nations,  38.  56. 

Wiandots,  31,  56,  64,  142. 

JefFereys,  Col.  C,  of  the  Royal  Americans,  xx. 
John,  Capt.  (Indian),  prifoner  at  Fort  Pitt,  6S, 
Johnfon,  Sir  William,  empowered  to  make  peace  with  the  In- 
dians, 67,  91. 

Kafkafquias  River  and  Tribe,  145. 

Keigleighquc,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  70. 

Keiffinautchtha,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  53,  70. 

Kelappama, brother  of  the  Turtle  chief,  68. 

K.iya(huta,  chief  of  the  Senecas  52;  fpeech,  66. 

La  Bay, 


■■!?pS!?,'iS?'' 


'WU 


i6i 


70, 


Index. 

La  Bay,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

La  Prairie  du  Rocher,  146. 

Lavifiimo,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  70. 

Lawaughqua,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  fpeech,  89. 

Le  Boeuf,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Light  troops  for  fervice  in  the  woods,  in,  116. 

Line  of  march  in  Indian  warfare,  128. 

Little  Beaver  Creek,  47. 

Little  Mineamie  or  Miammee  River,  152. 

Loggllown,  Bouquet  arrives  at,  46. 

Miamis,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Miamis  River,  1  52. 

Michilimackinac,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Miflifippi  River,  152. 

Moncrief,  Major,  '-orders"  to   Col.  Bouquet,  27. 

Mufeingum,  Indians  retreat  to,  30 ;   Bouquet  arrives  at,  50, 

Negroes  in  Illinois,  147. 

Nettowhatways.  chief  of  the    Turtle   tribe   of   Delawares,  de- 

pofed,  69, 
Nimvvha,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  70. 

Ohio  Indians,  expedition  againft,  I-81. 

Ouabache  River,  143. 

Ouachtanon,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Ourry,  Capt.,  commands  at  Fort  Bedford,  14. 

Parkman,  Francis,  prefatory  remarks,  xi. 
Peace  of  1763,  xi ;  effedl  on  the  Indians,  xii. 
Penn,  Governor,  addrels  to  the  volunteers,  33. 
Pennfylvania  General  Aflenibly,  addrefs  to  Bouquet,  82. 
Peter,  chief  of  Caughnawagas,  62. 

Pipe. 


wmm 


TE 


162 


Index. 


Pipe,  Capt.  (Indian),  prifoner  at  Fort  Pitt,  48. 

Pontiac's  confpiracy,  xiii. 

Preparations  neceffary  for  Indian  warfare,  123. 

Prefqu'  Ifle,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Prevoft,  Lt.  Col.  Aug.,  6oth  Regt.,  xxiii. 

Prevoft,  Col.  James,  of  Royal  Americans,  xx. 

Prifoners,  arrival  at  camp,  aSeding  fcenes,  75. 

Prifoners  delivered  to  Bouquet,  58,  63,  64,  72. 

Red  Hawke,  a  Shawanefe  chief,  fpeech,  70. 

Reflexions  on  the  war  with  the  favages,  93. 

Reid,  Col.,  fecond  in  command.  87. 

Rock  Meadow,  146. 

Roman  method  of  warfare  adapted  to  Indian  warfare,  102. 

Royal  American  corps  organized,  xx. 

St.  Jofephs,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Sanduflty,  Fort,  captured,  6. 

Settlements,   method   of  forcing,  on   the   frontiers,    119;   plan 

of,  121. 
Seventy-feventh  regiment.  10. 
Sixtieth  regiment,  32. 

Smallman,  Mr.,  delivered  up  by  the  Indians,  64. 
Smith,  William,  author  of  this  work,  xv. 
Square,  to  reduce  the,  132. 
Stanwix,  Col.  J.,  of  Royal  Americans,  xx. 

Venango,  Fort,  captured.  6. 

Vincennes,  Fort,  143. 

Virginia  Houfe  of  Burgefles,  refolves  to  Bouquet,  86. 


Wabafti  River,  143. 

Yellow  Creek,  Bouquet  at,  48. 
Yorke,  Sir  Joseph,  xxi. 


[02. 


19;   plan 


"m^i  i,ii^ )"  41*".  I,.  J  ■  '    •   n.'ti 


p^p-^mpnn^^^^ 


SJA. 


